Surgical dissectors configured to apply mechanical and electrical energy

ABSTRACT

A surgical instrument comprising an end effector is disclosed. The end effector comprises a surgical dissector. The surgical dissector can apply mechanical and/or electrosurgical energy to treated tissue.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This non-provisional application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/578,793, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH REMOTE RELEASE, filed Oct. 30, 2017, of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/578,804, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT HAVING DUAL ROTATABLE MEMBERS TO EFFECT DIFFERENT TYPES OF END EFFECTOR MOVEMENT, filed Oct. 30, 2017, of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/578,817, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH ROTARY DRIVE SELECTIVELY ACTUATING MULTIPLE END EFFECTOR FUNCTIONS, filed Oct. 30, 2017, of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/578,835, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH ROTARY DRIVE SELECTIVELY ACTUATING MULTIPLE END EFFECTOR FUNCTIONS, filed Oct. 30, 2017, of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/578,844, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH MODULAR POWER SOURCES, filed Oct. 30, 2017, and of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/578,855, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH SENSOR AND/OR CONTROL SYSTEMS, filed Oct. 30, 2017, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. This non-provisional application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/665,129, entitled SURGICAL SUTURING SYSTEMS, filed May 1, 2018, of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/665,139, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS COMPRISING CONTROL SYSTEMS, filed May 1, 2018, of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/665,177, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS COMPRISING HANDLE ARRANGEMENTS, filed May 1, 2018, of U.S. Provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/665,128, entitled MODULAR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, filed May 1, 2018, of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/665,192, entitled SURGICAL DISSECTORS, filed May 1, 2018, and of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/665,134, entitled SURGICAL CLIP APPLIER, filed May 1, 2018, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates to surgical systems and, in various arrangements, to grasping instruments that are designed to grasp the tissue of a patient, dissecting instruments configured to manipulate the tissue of a patient, clip appliers configured to clip the tissue of a patient, and suturing instruments configured to suture the tissue of a patient, among others.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various features of the embodiments described herein, together with advantages thereof, may be understood in accordance with the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings as follows:

FIG. 1 illustrates a surgical system comprising a handle and several shaft assemblies—each of which are selectively attachable to the handle in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 2 is an elevational view of the handle and one of the shaft assemblies of the surgical system of FIG. 1 ;

FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional perspective view of the shaft assembly of FIG. 2 ;

FIG. 4 is another partial cross-sectional perspective view of the shaft assembly of FIG. 2 ;

FIG. 5 is a partial exploded view of the shaft assembly of FIG. 2 ;

FIG. 6 is a partial cross-sectional elevational view of the shaft assembly of FIG. 2 ;

FIG. 7 is an elevational view of a drive module of the handle of FIG. 1 ;

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional perspective view of the drive module of FIG. 7 ;

FIG. 9 is an end view of the drive module of FIG. 7 ;

FIG. 10 is a partial cross-sectional view of the interconnection between the handle and shaft assembly of FIG. 2 in a locked configuration;

FIG. 11 is a partial cross-sectional view of the interconnection between the handle and shaft assembly of FIG. 2 in an unlocked configuration;

FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional perspective view of a motor and a speed reduction gear assembly of the drive module of FIG. 7 ;

FIG. 13 is an end view of the speed reduction gear assembly of FIG. 12 ;

FIG. 14 is a partial perspective view of an end effector of the shaft assembly of FIG. 2 in an open configuration;

FIG. 15 is a partial perspective view of the end effector of FIG. 14 in a closed configuration;

FIG. 16 is a partial perspective view of the end effector of FIG. 14 articulated in a first direction;

FIG. 17 is a partial perspective view of the end effector of FIG. 14 articulated in a second direction;

FIG. 18 is a partial perspective view of the end effector of FIG. 14 rotated in a first direction;

FIG. 19 is a partial perspective view of the end effector of FIG. 14 rotated in a second direction;

FIG. 20 is a partial cross-sectional perspective view of the end effector of FIG. 14 detached from the shaft assembly of FIG. 2 ;

FIG. 21 is an exploded view of the end effector of FIG. 14 illustrated with some components removed;

FIG. 22 is an exploded view of a distal attachment portion of the shaft assembly of FIG. 2 ;

FIG. 22A is an exploded view of the distal portion of the shaft assembly of FIG. 2 illustrated with some components removed;

FIG. 23 is another partial cross-sectional perspective view of the end effector of FIG. 14 detached from the shaft assembly of FIG. 2 ;

FIG. 24 is a partial cross-sectional perspective view of the end effector of FIG. 14 attached to the shaft assembly of FIG. 2 ;

FIG. 25 is a partial cross-sectional perspective view of the end effector of FIG. 14 attached to the shaft assembly of FIG. 2 ;

FIG. 26 is another partial cross-sectional perspective view of the end effector of FIG. 14 attached to the shaft assembly of FIG. 2 ;

FIG. 27 is a partial cross-sectional view of the end effector of FIG. 14 attached to the shaft assembly of FIG. 2 depicting a first, second, and third clutch of the end effector;

FIG. 28 depicts the first clutch of FIG. 27 in an unactuated condition;

FIG. 29 depicts the first clutch of FIG. 27 in an actuated condition;

FIG. 30 depicts the second clutch of FIG. 27 in an unactuated condition;

FIG. 31 depicts the second clutch of FIG. 27 in an actuated condition;

FIG. 32 depicts the third clutch of FIG. 27 in an unactuated condition;

FIG. 33 depicts the third clutch of FIG. 27 in an actuated condition;

FIG. 34 depicts the second and third clutches of FIG. 27 in their unactuated conditions and the end effector of FIG. 14 locked to the shaft assembly of FIG. 2 ;

FIG. 35 depicts the second clutch of FIG. 27 in its unactuated condition and the third clutch of FIG. 27 in its actuated condition;

FIG. 36 depicts the second and third clutches of FIG. 27 in their actuated conditions and the end effector of FIG. 14 unlocked from the shaft assembly of FIG. 2 ;

FIG. 37 is a partial cross-sectional view of a shaft assembly in accordance with at least one alternative embodiment comprising sensors configured to detect the conditions of the first, second, and third clutches of FIG. 27 ;

FIG. 38 is a partial cross-sectional view of a shaft assembly in accordance with at least one alternative embodiment comprising sensors configured to detect the conditions of the first, second, and third clutches of FIG. 27 ;

FIG. 39 depicts the first and second clutches of FIG. 38 in their unactuated conditions and a sensor in accordance with at least one alternative embodiment;

FIG. 40 depicts the second and third clutches of FIG. 38 in their unactuated conditions and a sensor in accordance with at least one alternative embodiment;

FIG. 41 is a partial cross-sectional view of a shaft assembly in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 42 is a partial cross-sectional view of the shaft assembly of FIG. 41 comprising a clutch illustrated in an unactuated condition;

FIG. 43 is a partial cross-sectional view of the shaft assembly of FIG. 41 illustrating the clutch in an actuated condition;

FIG. 44 is a partial cross-sectional view of a shaft assembly in accordance with at least one embodiment comprising first and second clutches illustrated in an unactuated condition;

FIG. 45 is a perspective view of the handle drive module of FIG. 7 and one of the shaft assemblies of the surgical system of FIG. 1 ;

FIG. 46 is another perspective view of the handle drive module of FIG. 7 and the shaft assembly of FIG. 45 ;

FIG. 47 is a partial cross-sectional view of the shaft assembly of FIG. 45 attached to the handle of FIG. 1 ;

FIG. 48 is another partial cross-sectional view of the shaft assembly of FIG. 45 attached to the handle of FIG. 1 ;

FIG. 49 is a partial cross-sectional perspective view of the shaft assembly of FIG. 45 ;

FIG. 50 is a schematic of the control system of the surgical system of FIG. 1 .

FIG. 51 is an elevational view of a handle in accordance with at least one embodiment and one of the shaft assemblies of the surgical system of FIG. 1 ;

FIG. 52A is a partial top view of a drive module of the handle of FIG. 51 illustrated in a first rotation configuration;

FIG. 52B is a partial top view of the drive module of FIG. 52A illustrated in a second rotation configuration;

FIG. 53A is a partial top view of the drive module of FIG. 52A illustrated in a first articulation configuration;

FIG. 53B is a partial top view of the drive module of FIG. 52A illustrated in a second articulation configuration;

FIG. 54 is a partial cross-sectional perspective view of a drive module in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 55 is a partial perspective view of the drive module of FIG. 54 illustrated with some components removed;

FIG. 56 is a partial cross-sectional view of the drive module of FIG. 54 illustrating an eccentric drive in a disengaged condition;

FIG. 57 is a partial cross-sectional view of the drive module of FIG. 54 illustrating the eccentric drive of FIG. 56 in an engaged condition;

FIG. 58 is a partial top plan view of an embodiment of a surgical instrument;

FIG. 59 is a partial side elevation view of an embodiment of a surgical instrument;

FIG. 60 is a partial top plan view of various possible configurations of an embodiment of a surgical instrument;

FIG. 61 is a partial side elevation view of various possible configurations of an embodiment of a surgical instrument;

FIG. 62 is a partial top plan view of an embodiment of a surgical instrument;

FIG. 63 is a partial side elevation view of an embodiment of the surgical instrument depicted in FIG. 62 ;

FIG. 64 is a partial top plan view of an embodiment of a surgical instrument;

FIG. 65 is a partial top plan view of an embodiment of a surgical instrument;

FIG. 66 is a partial top plan view of an embodiment of a surgical instrument;

FIG. 67 is a partial top plan view of an embodiment of a surgical instrument;

FIG. 68 is a partial top plan view of an embodiment of a surgical instrument which depicts a manufacturing envelope from which an end effector of the surgical instrument is created;

FIG. 69 is a partial side elevation view of an embodiment of the surgical instrument depicted in FIG. 68 ;

FIG. 70 is a partial top plan view of an embodiment of a surgical instrument which depicts a manufacturing envelope from which an end effector of the surgical instrument is created;

FIG. 71 is a partial side elevation view of an embodiment of the surgical instrument depicted in FIG. 70 which depicts a manufacturing envelope from which an end effector of the surgical instrument is created;

FIG. 72 is a top perspective view of a jaw of a surgical instrument;

FIG. 73 is a partial perspective view of the jaw depicted in FIG. 72 ;

FIG. 74 is a top plan view of the jaw depicted in FIG. 72 ;

FIG. 75 is a bottom perspective view of the jaw depicted in FIG. 72 ;

FIG. 76 is a top perspective view of a jaw of a surgical instrument;

FIG. 77 is a top plan view of the jaw depicted in FIG. 76 ;

FIG. 78 is a partial perspective view of the jaw depicted in FIG. 76 ;

FIG. 79 is a partial perspective view of a jaw of a surgical instrument;

FIG. 80 is a partial cross-sectional view of a surgical instrument including a jaw assembly capable of grasping and dissection in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 81 is a graph depicting the force, speed, and orientation of the jaw assembly of FIG. 80 in accordance with at least one embodiment;

FIG. 82 is a partial perspective view of bipolar forceps being used to cut tissue;

FIG. 83 is a perspective view of the bipolar forceps of FIG. 82 ;

FIG. 84 is a graph depicting the force and speed of the jaws of the bipolar forceps of FIG. 82 in accordance with at least one embodiment; and

FIG. 85 is another graph depicting the operation of the bipolar forceps of FIG. 82 in accordance with at least one embodiment.

Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views. The exemplifications set out herein illustrate various embodiments of the invention, in one form, and such exemplifications are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any manner.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Patent Applications that were filed on Aug. 24, 2018 and which are each herein incorporated by reference in their respective entireties:

-   -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/112,129, entitled SURGICAL         SUTURING INSTRUMENT CONFIGURED TO MANIPULATE TISSUE USING         MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL POWER, now U.S. Patent Application         Publication No. 2019/0125431;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/112,155, entitled SURGICAL         SUTURING INSTRUMENT COMPRISING A CAPTURE WIDTH WHICH IS LARGER         THAN TROCAR DIAMETER, now U.S. Patent Application Publication         No. 2019/0125335;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/112,168, entitled SURGICAL         SUTURING INSTRUMENT COMPRISING A NON-CIRCULAR NEEDLE, now U.S.         Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0125336;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/112,180 entitled ELECTRICAL         POWER OUTPUT CONTROL BASED ON MECHANICAL FORCES, now U.S. Patent         Application Publication No. 2019/0125432;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/112,193, entitled REACTIVE         ALGORITHM FOR SURGICAL SYSTEM, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,932,806;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/112,099, entitled SURGICAL         INSTRUMENT COMPRISING AN ADAPTIVE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM, now U.S.         Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0125378;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/112,112 entitled CONTROL         SYSTEM ARRANGEMENTS FOR A MODULAR SURGICAL INSTRUMENT, now U.S.         Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0125320;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/112,119, entitled ADAPTIVE         CONTROL PROGRAMS FOR A SURGICAL SYSTEM COMPRISING MORE THAN ONE         TYPE OF CARTRIDGE, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No.         2019/0125338;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/112,097, entitled SURGICAL         INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS COMPRISING BATTERY ARRANGEMENTS, now U.S.         Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0125377;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/112,109, entitled SURGICAL         INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS COMPRISING HANDLE ARRANGEMENTS, now U.S.         Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0125388;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/112,114, entitled SURGICAL         INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS COMPRISING FEEDBACK MECHANISMS, now U.S. Pat.         No. 10,980,560;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/112,117, entitled SURGICAL         INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS COMPRISING LOCKOUT MECHANISMS, now U.S.         Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0125476;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/112,095, entitled SURGICAL         INSTRUMENTS COMPRISING A LOCKABLE END EFFECTOR SOCKET, now U.S.         Pat. No. 11,291,465;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/112,121, entitled SURGICAL         INSTRUMENTS COMPRISING A SHIFTING MECHANISM, now U.S. Pat. No.         11,026,712;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/112,151, entitled SURGICAL         INSTRUMENTS COMPRISING A SYSTEM FOR ARTICULATION AND ROTATION         COMPENSATION, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,772,651;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/112,154 entitled SURGICAL         INSTRUMENTS COMPRISING A BIASED SHIFTING MECHANISM, now U.S.         Pat. No. 11,207,090;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/112,226, entitled SURGICAL         INSTRUMENTS COMPRISING AN ARTICULATION DRIVE THAT PROVIDES FOR         HIGH ARTICULATION ANGLES, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,129,636;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/112,062, entitled SURGICAL         DISSECTORS AND MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES, now U.S. Pat. No.         10,959,744;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/112,237, entitled SURGICAL         CLIP APPLIER CONFIGURED TO STORE CLIPS IN A STORED STATE, now         U.S. Pat. No. 11,026,713;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/112,245, entitled SURGICAL         CLIP APPLIER COMPRISING AN EMPTY CLIP CARTRIDGE LOCKOUT, now         U.S. Pat. No. 11,051,836;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/112,249, entitled SURGICAL         CLIP APPLIER COMPRISING AN AUTOMATIC CLIP FEEDING SYSTEM, now         U.S. Pat. No. 11,109,878;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/112,253, entitled SURGICAL         CLIP APPLIER COMPRISING ADAPTIVE FIRING CONTROL, now U.S. Pat.         No. 11,103,268; and     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/112,257, entitled SURGICAL         CLIP APPLIER COMPRISING ADAPTIVE CONTROL IN RESPONSE TO A STRAIN         GAUGE CIRCUIT, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,071,560.

Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Patent Applications that were filed on May 1, 2018 and which are each herein incorporated by reference in their respective entireties:

-   -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/665,129,         entitled SURGICAL SUTURING SYSTEMS;     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/665,139,         entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS COMPRISING CONTROL SYSTEMS;     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/665,177,         entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS COMPRISING HANDLE ARRANGEMENTS;     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/665,128,         entitled MODULAR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS;     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/665,192,         entitled SURGICAL DISSECTORS; and     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/665,134,         entitled SURGICAL CLIP APPLIER.

Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Patent Applications that were filed on Feb. 28, 2018 and which are each herein incorporated by reference in their respective entireties:

-   -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/908,021, entitled SURGICAL         INSTRUMENT WITH REMOTE RELEASE;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/908,012, entitled SURGICAL         INSTRUMENT HAVING DUAL ROTATABLE MEMBERS TO EFFECT DIFFERENT         TYPES OF END EFFECTOR MOVEMENT;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/908,040, entitled SURGICAL         INSTRUMENT WITH ROTARY DRIVE SELECTIVELY ACTUATING MULTIPLE END         EFFECTOR FUNCTIONS;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/908,057, entitled SURGICAL         INSTRUMENT WITH ROTARY DRIVE SELECTIVELY ACTUATING MULTIPLE END         EFFECTOR FUNCTIONS;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/908,058, entitled SURGICAL         INSTRUMENT WITH MODULAR POWER SOURCES; and     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/908,143, entitled SURGICAL         INSTRUMENT WITH SENSOR AND/OR CONTROL SYSTEMS.

Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Patent Applications that were filed on Oct. 30, 2017 and which are each herein incorporated by reference in their respective entireties:

-   -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/578,793,         entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH REMOTE RELEASE;     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/578,804,         entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT HAVING DUAL ROTATABLE MEMBERS TO         EFFECT DIFFERENT TYPES OF END EFFECTOR MOVEMENT;     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/578,817,         entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH ROTARY DRIVE SELECTIVELY         ACTUATING MULTIPLE END EFFECTOR FUNCTIONS;     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/578,835,         entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH ROTARY DRIVE SELECTIVELY         ACTUATING MULTIPLE END EFFECTOR FUNCTIONS;     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/578,844,         entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH MODULAR POWER SOURCES; and     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/578,855,         entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH SENSOR AND/OR CONTROL SYSTEMS.

Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Provisional Patent Applications, filed on Dec. 28, 2017, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety:

-   -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/611,341,         entitled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM;     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/611,340,         entitled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS; and     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/611,339,         entitled ROBOT ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORM.

Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Provisional Patent Applications, filed on Mar. 28, 2018, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety:

-   -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,302,         entitled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH ENCRYPTED         COMMUNICATION CAPABILITIES;     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,294,         entitled DATA STRIPPING METHOD TO INTERROGATE PATIENT RECORDS         AND CREATE ANONYMIZED RECORD;     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,300,         entitled SURGICAL HUB SITUATIONAL AWARENESS;     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,309,         entitled SURGICAL HUB SPATIAL AWARENESS TO DETERMINE DEVICES IN         OPERATING THEATER;     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,310,         entitled COMPUTER IMPLEMENTED INTERACTIVE SURGICAL SYSTEMS;     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,291,         entitled USE OF LASER LIGHT AND RED-GREEN-BLUE COLORATION TO         DETERMINE PROPERTIES OF BACK SCATTERED LIGHT;     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,296,         entitled ADAPTIVE CONTROL PROGRAM UPDATES FOR SURGICAL DEVICES;     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,333,         entitled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS FOR CUSTOMIZATION AND         RECOMMENDATIONS TO A USER;     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,327,         entitled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS FOR SECURITY AND         AUTHENTICATION TRENDS AND REACTIVE MEASURES;     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,315,         entitled DATA HANDLING AND PRIORITIZATION IN A CLOUD ANALYTICS         NETWORK;     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,313,         entitled CLOUD INTERFACE FOR COUPLED SURGICAL DEVICES;     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,320,         entitled DRIVE ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL         PLATFORMS;     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,307,         entitled AUTOMATIC TOOL ADJUSTMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL         PLATFORMS; and     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,323,         entitled SENSING ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL         PLATFORMS.

Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Patent Applications, filed on Mar. 29, 2018, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety:

-   -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,641, entitled         INTERACTIVE SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH ENCRYPTED COMMUNICATION         CAPABILITIES;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,648, entitled         INTERACTIVE SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH CONDITION HANDLING OF DEVICES         AND DATA CAPABILITIES;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,656, entitled SURGICAL         HUB COORDINATION OF CONTROL AND COMMUNICATION OF OPERATING ROOM         DEVICES;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,666, entitled SPATIAL         AWARENESS OF SURGICAL HUBS IN OPERATING ROOMS;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,670, entitled         COOPERATIVE UTILIZATION OF DATA DERIVED FROM SECONDARY SOURCES         BY INTELLIGENT SURGICAL HUBS;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,677, entitled SURGICAL         HUB CONTROL ARRANGEMENTS;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,632, entitled DATA         STRIPPING METHOD TO INTERROGATE PATIENT RECORDS AND CREATE         ANONYMIZED RECORD;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,640, entitled         COMMUNICATION HUB AND STORAGE DEVICE FOR STORING PARAMETERS AND         STATUS OF A SURGICAL DEVICE TO BE SHARED WITH CLOUD BASED         ANALYTICS SYSTEMS;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,645, entitled SELF         DESCRIBING DATA PACKETS GENERATED AT AN ISSUING INSTRUMENT;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,649, entitled DATA         PAIRING TO INTERCONNECT A DEVICE MEASURED PARAMETER WITH AN         OUTCOME;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,654, entitled SURGICAL         HUB SITUATIONAL AWARENESS;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,663, entitled SURGICAL         SYSTEM DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,668, entitled         AGGREGATION AND REPORTING OF SURGICAL HUB DATA;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,671, entitled SURGICAL         HUB SPATIAL AWARENESS TO DETERMINE DEVICES IN OPERATING THEATER;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,686, entitled DISPLAY OF         ALIGNMENT OF STAPLE CARTRIDGE TO PRIOR LINEAR STAPLE LINE;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,700, entitled STERILE         FIELD INTERACTIVE CONTROL DISPLAYS;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,629, entitled COMPUTER         IMPLEMENTED INTERACTIVE SURGICAL SYSTEMS;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,704, entitled USE OF         LASER LIGHT AND RED-GREEN-BLUE COLORATION TO DETERMINE         PROPERTIES OF BACK SCATTERED LIGHT;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,722, entitled         CHARACTERIZATION OF TISSUE IRREGULARITIES THROUGH THE USE OF         MONO-CHROMATIC LIGHT REFRACTIVITY; and     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,742, entitled DUAL CMOS         ARRAY IMAGING.

Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Patent Applications, filed on Mar. 29, 2018, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety:

-   -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,636, entitled ADAPTIVE         CONTROL PROGRAM UPDATES FOR SURGICAL DEVICES;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,653, entitled ADAPTIVE         CONTROL PROGRAM UPDATES FOR SURGICAL HUBS;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,660, entitled         CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS FOR CUSTOMIZATION AND         RECOMMENDATIONS TO A USER;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,679, entitled         CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS FOR LINKING OF LOCAL USAGE TRENDS         WITH THE RESOURCE ACQUISITION BEHAVIORS OF LARGER DATA SET;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,694, entitled         CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS FOR MEDICAL FACILITY SEGMENTED         INDIVIDUALIZATION OF INSTRUMENT FUNCTION;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,634, entitled         CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS FOR SECURITY AND AUTHENTICATION         TRENDS AND REACTIVE MEASURES;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,706, entitled DATA         HANDLING AND PRIORITIZATION IN A CLOUD ANALYTICS NETWORK; and     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,675, entitled CLOUD         INTERFACE FOR COUPLED SURGICAL DEVICES.

Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Patent Applications, filed on Mar. 29, 2018, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety:

-   -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,627, entitled DRIVE         ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,637, entitled         COMMUNICATION ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL         PLATFORMS;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,642, entitled CONTROLS         FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,676, entitled AUTOMATIC         TOOL ADJUSTMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,680, entitled         CONTROLLERS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,683, entitled         COOPERATIVE SURGICAL ACTIONS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL         PLATFORMS;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,690, entitled DISPLAY         ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS; and     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,711, entitled SENSING         ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS.

Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Provisional Patent Applications, filed on Mar. 30, 2018, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety:

-   -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/650,887,         entitled SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH OPTIMIZED SENSING CAPABILITIES;     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/650,877,         entitled SURGICAL SMOKE EVACUATION SENSING AND CONTROLS;     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/650,882,         entitled SMOKE EVACUATION MODULE FOR INTERACTIVE SURGICAL         PLATFORM; and     -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/650,898,         entitled CAPACITIVE COUPLED RETURN PATH PAD WITH SEPARABLE ARRAY         ELEMENTS.

Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Provisional Patent Application, filed on Apr. 19, 2018, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety:

-   -   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/659,900,         entitled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION.

Numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the overall structure, function, manufacture, and use of the embodiments as described in the specification and illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Well-known operations, components, and elements have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the embodiments described in the specification. The reader will understand that the embodiments described and illustrated herein are non-limiting examples, and thus it can be appreciated that the specific structural and functional details disclosed herein may be representative and illustrative. Variations and changes thereto may be made without departing from the scope of the claims.

The terms “comprise” (and any form of comprise, such as “comprises” and “comprising”), “have” (and any form of have, such as “has” and “having”), “include” (and any form of include, such as “includes” and “including”), and “contain” (and any form of contain, such as “contains” and “containing”) are open-ended linking verbs. As a result, a surgical system, device, or apparatus that “comprises,” “has,” “includes”, or “contains” one or more elements possesses those one or more elements, but is not limited to possessing only those one or more elements. Likewise, an element of a system, device, or apparatus that “comprises,” “has,” “includes”, or “contains” one or more features possesses those one or more features, but is not limited to possessing only those one or more features.

The terms “proximal” and “distal” are used herein with reference to a clinician manipulating the handle portion of the surgical instrument. The term “proximal” refers to the portion closest to the clinician and the term “distal” refers to the portion located away from the clinician. It will be further appreciated that, for convenience and clarity, spatial terms such as “vertical”, “horizontal”, “up”, and “down” may be used herein with respect to the drawings. However, surgical instruments are used in many orientations and positions, and these terms are not intended to be limiting and/or absolute.

Various exemplary devices and methods are provided for performing laparoscopic and minimally invasive surgical procedures. However, the reader will readily appreciate that the various methods and devices disclosed herein can be used in numerous surgical procedures and applications including, for example, in connection with open surgical procedures. As the present Detailed Description proceeds, the reader will further appreciate that the various instruments disclosed herein can be inserted into a body in any way, such as through a natural orifice, through an incision or puncture hole formed in tissue, etc. The working portions or end effector portions of the instruments can be inserted directly into a patient's body or can be inserted through an access device that has a working channel through which the end effector and elongate shaft of a surgical instrument can be advanced.

A surgical instrument, such as a grasper, for example, can comprise a handle, a shaft extending from the handle, and an end effector extending from the shaft. In various instances, the end effector comprises a first jaw and a second jaw, wherein one or both of the jaws are movable relative to the other to grasp the tissue of a patient. That said, an end effector of a surgical instrument can comprise any suitable arrangement and can perform any suitable function. For instance, an end effector can comprise first and second jaws configured to dissect or separate the tissue of a patient. Also, for instance, an end effector can be configured to suture and/or clip the tissue of a patient. In various instances, the end effector and/or shaft of the surgical instrument are configured to be inserted into a patient through a trocar, or cannula, and can have any suitable diameter, such as approximately 5 mm, 8 mm, and/or 12 mm, for example. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/013,924, entitled TROCAR SEAL ASSEMBLY, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,371,227, is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The shaft can define a longitudinal axis and at least a portion of the end effector can be rotatable about the longitudinal axis. Moreover, the surgical instrument can further comprise an articulation joint which can permit at least a portion of the end effector to be articulated relative to the shaft. In use, a clinician can rotate and/or articulate the end effector in order to maneuver the end effector within the patient.

A surgical instrument system is depicted in FIG. 1 . The surgical instrument system comprises a handle assembly 1000 which is selectively usable with a shaft assembly 2000, a shaft assembly 3000, a shaft assembly 4000, a shaft assembly 5000, and/or any other suitable shaft assembly. The shaft assembly 2000 is attached to the handle assembly 1000 in FIG. 2 and the shaft assembly 4000 is attached to the handle assembly 1000 in FIG. 45 . The shaft assembly 2000 comprises a proximal portion 2100, an elongate shaft 2200 extending from the proximal portion 2100, a distal attachment portion 2400, and an articulation joint 2300 rotatably connecting the distal attachment portion 2400 to the elongate shaft 2200. The shaft assembly 2000 further comprises a replaceable end effector assembly 7000 attached to the distal attachment portion 2400. The replaceable end effector assembly 7000 comprises a jaw assembly 7100 configured to be opened and closed to clamp and/or manipulate the tissue of a patient. In use, the end effector assembly 7000 can be articulated about the articulation joint 2300 and/or rotated relative to the distal attachment portion 2400 about a longitudinal axis to better position the jaw assembly 7100 within the patient, as described in greater detail further below.

Referring again to FIG. 1 , the handle assembly 1000 comprises, among other things, a drive module 1100. As described in greater detail below, the drive module 1100 comprises a distal mounting interface which permits a clinician to selectively attach one of the shaft assemblies 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000, for example, to the drive module 1100. Thus, each of the shaft assemblies 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 comprises an identical, or an at least similar, proximal mounting interface which is configured to engage the distal mounting interface of the drive module 1100. As also described in greater detail below, the mounting interface of the drive module 1100 mechanically secures and electrically couples the selected shaft assembly to the drive module 1100. The drive module 1100 further comprises at least one electric motor, one or more controls and/or displays, and a controller configured to operate the electric motor—the rotational output of which is transmitted to a drive system of the shaft assembly attached to the drive module 1100. Moreover, the drive module 1100 is usable with one ore more power modules, such as power modules 1200 and 1300, for example, which are operably attachable to the drive module 1100 to supply power thereto.

Further to the above, referring again to FIGS. 1 and 2 , the handle drive module 1100 comprises a housing 1110, a first module connector 1120, and a second module connector 1120′. The power module 1200 comprises a housing 1210, a connector 1220, one or more release latches 1250, and one or more batteries 1230. The connector 1220 is configured to be engaged with the first module connector 1120 of the drive module 1100 in order to attach the power module 1200 to the drive module 1100. The connector 1220 comprises one or more latches 1240 which mechanically couple and fixedly secure the housing 1210 of the power module 1200 to the housing 1110 of the drive module 1100. The latches 1240 are movable into disengaged positions when the release latches 1250 are depressed so that the power module 1200 can be detached from the drive module 1100. The connector 1220 also comprises one or more electrical contacts which place the batteries 1230, and/or an electrical circuit including the batteries 1230, in electrical communication with an electrical circuit in the drive module 1100.

Further to the above, referring again to FIGS. 1 and 2 , the power module 1300 comprises a housing 1310, a connector 1320, one or more release latches 1350, and one or more batteries 1330 (FIG. 47 ). The connector 1320 is configured to be engaged with the second module connector 1120′ of the drive module 1100 to attach the power module 1300 to the drive module 1100. The connector 1320 comprises one or more latches 1340 which mechanically couple and fixedly secure the housing 1310 of the power module 1300 to the housing 1110 of the drive module 1100. The latches 1340 are movable into disengaged positions when the release latches 1350 are depressed so that the power module 1300 can be detached from the drive module 1100. The connector 1320 also comprises one or more electrical contacts which place the batteries 1330 of the power module 1300, and/or an electrical power circuit including the batteries 1330, in electrical communication with an electrical power circuit in the drive module 1100.

Further to the above, the power module 1200, when attached to the drive module 1100, comprises a pistol grip which can allow a clinician to hold the handle 1000 in a manner which places the drive module 1100 on top of the clinician's hand. The power module 1300, when attached to the drive module 1100, comprises an end grip which allows a clinician to hold the handle 1000 like a wand. The power module 1200 is longer than the power module 1300, although the power modules 1200 and 1300 can comprise any suitable length. The power module 1200 has more battery cells than the power module 1300 and can suitably accommodate these additional battery cells owing to its length. In various instances, the power module 1200 can provide more power to the drive module 1100 than the power module 1300 while, in some instances, the power module 1200 can provide power for a longer period of time. In some instances, the housing 1110 of the drive module 1100 comprises keys, and/or any other suitable features, which prevent the power module 1200 from being connected to the second module connector 1120′ and, similarly, prevent the power module 1300 from being connected to the first module connector 1120. Such an arrangement can assure that the longer power module 1200 is used in the pistol grip arrangement and that the shorter power module 1300 is used in the wand grip arrangement. In alternative embodiments, the power module 1200 and the power module 1300 can be selectively coupled to the drive module 1100 at either the first module connector 1120 or the second module connector 1120′. Such embodiments provide a clinician with more options to customize the handle 1000 in a manner suitable to them.

In various instances, further to the above, only one of the power modules 1200 and 1300 is coupled to the drive module 1100 at a time. In certain instances, the power module 1200 can be in the way when the shaft assembly 4000, for example, is attached to the drive module 1100. Alternatively, both of the power modules 1200 and 1300 can be operably coupled to the drive module 1100 at the same time. In such instances, the drive module 1100 can have access to power provided by both of the power modules 1200 and 1300. Moreover, a clinician can switch between a pistol grip and a wand grip when both of the power modules 1200 and 1300 are attached to the drive module 1100. Moreover, such an arrangement allows the power module 1300 to act as a counterbalance to a shaft assembly, such as shaft assemblies 2000, 3000, 4000, or 5000, for example, attached to the drive module 1100.

Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8 , the handle drive module 1100 further comprises a frame 1500, a motor assembly 1600, a drive system 1700 operably engaged with the motor assembly 1600, and a control system 1800. The frame 1500 comprises an elongate shaft that extends through the motor assembly 1600. The elongate shaft comprises a distal end 1510 and electrical contacts, or sockets, 1520 defined in the distal end 1510. The electrical contacts 1520 are in electrical communication with the control system 1800 of the drive module 1100 via one or more electrical circuits and are configured to convey signals and/or power between the control system 1800 and the shaft assembly, such as the shaft assembly 2000, 3000, 4000, or 5000, for example, attached to the drive module 1100. The control system 1800 comprises a printed circuit board (PCB) 1810, at least one microprocessor 1820, and at least one memory device 1830. The board 1810 can be rigid and/or flexible and can comprise any suitable number of layers. The microprocessor 1820 and the memory device 1830 are part of a control circuit defined on the board 1810 which controls the operation of the motor assembly 1600, as described in greater detail below.

Referring to FIGS. 12 and 13 , the motor assembly 1600 comprises an electric motor 1610 including a housing 1620, a drive shaft 1630, and a gear reduction system. The electric motor 1610 further comprises a stator including windings 1640 and a rotor including magnetic elements 1650. The stator windings 1640 are supported in the housing 1620 and the rotor magnetic elements 1650 are mounted to the drive shaft 1630. When the stator windings 1640 are energized with an electric current controlled by the control system 1800, the drive shaft 1630 is rotated about a longitudinal axis. The drive shaft 1630 is operably engaged with a first planetary gear system 1660 which includes a central sun gear and several planetary gears operably intermeshed with the sun gear. The sun gear of the first planetary gear system 1660 is fixedly mounted to the drive shaft 1630 such that it rotates with the drive shaft 1630. The planetary gears of the first planetary gear system 1660 are rotatably mounted to the sun gear of a second planetary gear system 1670 and, also, intermeshed with a geared or splined inner surface 1625 of the motor housing 1620. As a result of the above, the rotation of the first sun gear rotates the first planetary gears which rotate the second sun gear. Similar to the above, the second planetary gear system 1670 further comprises planetary gears 1665 (FIG. 13 ) which drive a third planetary gear system and, ultimately, the drive shaft 1710. The planetary gear systems 1660, 1670, and 1680 co-operate to gear down the speed applied to the drive shaft 1710 by the motor shaft 1620. Various alternative embodiments are envisioned without a speed reduction system. Such embodiments are suitable when it is desirable to drive the end effector functions quickly. Notably, the drive shaft 1630 comprises an aperture, or hollow core, extending therethrough through which wires and/or electrical circuits can extend.

The control system 1800 is in communication with the motor assembly 1600 and the electrical power circuit of the drive module 1100. The control system 1800 is configured to control the power delivered to the motor assembly 1600 from the electrical power circuit. The electrical power circuit is configured to supply a constant, or at least nearly constant, direct current (DC) voltage. In at least one instance, the electrical power circuit supplies 3 VDC to the control system 1800. The control system 1800 comprises a pulse width modulation (PWM) circuit which is configured to deliver voltage pulses to the motor assembly 1600. The duration or width of the voltage pulses, and/or the duration or width between the voltage pulses, supplied by the PWM circuit can be controlled in order to control the power applied to the motor assembly 1600. By controlling the power applied to the motor assembly 1600, the PWM circuit can control the speed of the output shaft of the motor assembly 1600. In addition to or in lieu of a PWM circuit, the control system 1800 can include a frequency modulation (FM) circuit. As discussed in greater detail below, the control system 1800 is operable in more than one operating mode and, depending on the operating mode being used, the control system 1800 can operate the motor assembly 1600 at a speed, or a range of speeds, which is determined to be appropriate for that operating mode.

Further to the above, referring again to FIGS. 7 and 8 , the drive system 1700 comprises a rotatable shaft 1710 comprising a splined distal end 1720 and a longitudinal aperture 1730 defined therein. The rotatable shaft 1710 is operably mounted to the output shaft of the motor assembly 1600 such that the rotatable shaft 1710 rotates with the motor output shaft. The handle frame 1510 extends through the longitudinal aperture 1730 and rotatably supports the rotatable shaft 1710. As a result, the handle frame 1510 serves as a bearing for the rotatable shaft 1710. The handle frame 1510 and the rotatable shaft 1710 extend distally from a mounting interface 1130 of the drive module 1110 and are coupled with corresponding components on the shaft assembly 2000 when the shaft assembly 2000 is assembled to the drive module 1100. Referring primarily to FIGS. 3-6 , the shaft assembly 2000 further comprises a frame 2500 and a drive system 2700. The frame 2500 comprises a longitudinal shaft 2510 extending through the shaft assembly 2000 and a plurality of electrical contacts, or pins, 2520 extending proximally from the shaft 2510. When the shaft assembly 2000 is attached to the drive module 1100, the electrical contacts 2520 on the shaft frame 2510 engage the electrical contacts 1520 on the handle frame 1510 and create electrical pathways therebetween.

Similar to the above, the drive system 2700 comprises a rotatable drive shaft 2710 which is operably coupled to the rotatable drive shaft 1710 of the handle 1000 when the shaft assembly 2000 is assembled to the drive module 1100 such that the drive shaft 2710 rotates with the drive shaft 1710. To this end, the drive shaft 2710 comprises a splined proximal end 2720 which mates with the splined distal end 1720 of the drive shaft 1710 such that the drive shafts 1710 and 2710 rotate together when the drive shaft 1710 is rotated by the motor assembly 1600. Given the nature of the splined interconnection between the drive shafts 1710 and 2710 and the electrical interconnection between the frames 1510 and 2510, the shaft assembly 2000 is assembled to the handle 1000 along a longitudinal axis; however, the operable interconnection between the drive shafts 1710 and 2710 and the electrical interconnection between the frames 1510 and 2510 can comprise any suitable configuration which can allow a shaft assembly to be assembled to the handle 1000 in any suitable manner.

As discussed above, referring to FIGS. 3-8 , the mounting interface 1130 of the drive module 1110 is configured to be coupled to a corresponding mounting interface on the shaft assemblies 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000, for example. For instance, the shaft assembly 2000 comprises a mounting interface 2130 configured to be coupled to the mounting interface 1130 of the drive module 1100. More specifically, the proximal portion 2100 of the shaft assembly 2000 comprises a housing 2110 which defines the mounting interface 2130. Referring primarily to FIG. 8 , the drive module 1100 comprises latches 1140 which are configured to releasably hold the mounting interface 2130 of the shaft assembly 2000 against the mounting interface 1130 of the drive module 1100. When the drive module 1100 and the shaft assembly 2000 are brought together along a longitudinal axis, as described above, the latches 1140 contact the mounting interface 2130 and rotate outwardly into an unlocked position. Referring primarily to FIGS. 8, 10, and 11 , each latch 1140 comprises a lock end 1142 and a pivot portion 1144. The pivot portion 1144 of each latch 1140 is rotatably coupled to the housing 1110 of the drive module 1100 and, when the latches 1140 are rotated outwardly, as mentioned above, the latches 1140 rotate about the pivot portions 1144. Notably, each latch 1140 further comprises a biasing spring 1146 configured to bias the latches 1140 inwardly into a locked position. Each biasing spring 1146 is compressed between a latch 1140 and the housing 1110 of the drive module 1100 such that the biasing springs 1146 apply biasing forces to the latches 1140; however, such biasing forces are overcome when the latches 1140 are rotated outwardly into their unlocked positions by the shaft assembly 2000. That said, when the latches 1140 rotate outwardly after contacting the mounting interface 2130, the lock ends 1142 of the latches 1140 can enter into latch windows 2140 defined in the mounting interface 2130. Once the lock ends 1142 pass through the latch windows 2140, the springs 1146 can bias the latches 1140 back into their locked positions. Each lock end 1142 comprises a lock shoulder, or surface, which securely holds the shaft assembly 2000 to the drive module 1100.

Further to the above, the biasing springs 1146 hold the latches 1140 in their locked positions. The distal ends 1142 are sized and configured to prevent, or at least inhibit, relative longitudinal movement, i.e., translation along a longitudinal axis, between the shaft assembly 2000 and the drive module 1100 when the latches 1140 are in their locked positions. Moreover, the latches 1140 and the latch windows 1240 are sized and configured to prevent relative lateral movement, i.e., translation transverse to the longitudinal axis, between the shaft assembly 2000 and the drive module 1100. In addition, the latches 1140 and the latch windows 2140 are sized and configured to prevent the shaft assembly 2000 from rotating relative to the drive module 1100. The drive module 1100 further comprises release actuators 1150 which, when depressed by a clinician, move the latches 1140 from their locked positions into their unlocked positions. The drive module 1100 comprises a first release actuator 1150 slideably mounted in an opening defined in the first side of the handle housing 1110 and a second release actuator 1150 slideably mounted in an opening defined in a second, or opposite, side of the handle housing 1110. Although the release actuators 1150 are actuatable separately, both release actuators 1150 typically need to be depressed to completely unlock the shaft assembly 2000 from the drive module 1100 and allow the shaft assembly 2000 to be detached from the drive module 1100. That said, it is possible that the shaft assembly 2000 could be detached from the drive module 1100 by depressing only one release actuator 1150.

Once the shaft assembly 2000 has been secured to the handle 1000 and the end effector 7000, for example, has been assembled to the shaft 2000, the clinician can maneuver the handle 1000 to insert the end effector 7000 into a patient. In at least one instance, the end effector 7000 is inserted into the patient through a trocar and then manipulated in order to position the jaw assembly 7100 of the end effector assembly 7000 relative to the patient's tissue. Oftentimes, the jaw assembly 7100 must be in its closed, or clamped, configuration in order to fit through the trocar. Once through the trocar, the jaw assembly 7100 can be opened so that the patient tissue fit between the jaws of the jaw assembly 7100. At such point, the jaw assembly 7100 can be returned to its closed configuration to clamp the patient tissue between the jaws. The clamping force applied to the patient tissue by the jaw assembly 7100 is sufficient to move or otherwise manipulate the tissue during a surgical procedure. Thereafter, the jaw assembly 7100 can be re-opened to release the patient tissue from the end effector 7000. This process can be repeated until it is desirable to remove the end effector 7000 from the patient. At such point, the jaw assembly 7100 can be returned to its closed configuration and retracted through the trocar. Other surgical techniques are envisioned in which the end effector 7000 is inserted into a patient through an open incision, or without the use of the trocar. In any event, it is envisioned that the jaw assembly 7100 may have to be opened and closed several times throughout a surgical technique.

Referring again to FIGS. 3-6 , the shaft assembly 2000 further comprises a clamping trigger system 2600 and a control system 2800. The clamping trigger system 2600 comprises a clamping trigger 2610 rotatably connected to the proximal housing 2110 of the shaft assembly 2000. As discussed below, the clamping trigger 2610 actuates the motor 1610 to operate the jaw drive of the end effector 7000 when the clamping trigger 2610 is actuated. The clamping trigger 2610 comprises an elongate portion which is graspable by the clinician while holding the handle 1000. The clamping trigger 2610 further comprises a mounting portion 2620 which is pivotably connected to a mounting portion 2120 of the proximal housing 2110 such that the clamping trigger 2610 is rotatable about a fixed, or an at least substantially fixed, axis. The closure trigger 2610 is rotatable between a distal position and a proximal position, wherein the proximal position of the closure trigger 2610 is closer to the pistol grip of the handle 1000 than the distal position. The closure trigger 2610 further comprises a tab 2615 extending therefrom which rotates within the proximal housing 2110. When the closure trigger 2610 is in its distal position, the tab 2615 is positioned above, but not in contact with, a switch 2115 mounted on the proximal housing 2110. The switch 2115 is part of an electrical circuit configured to detect the actuation of the closure trigger 2610 which is in an open condition the closure trigger 2610 is in its open position. When the closure trigger 2610 is moved into its proximal position, the tab 2615 comes into contact with the switch 2115 and closes the electrical circuit. In various instances, the switch 2115 can comprise a toggle switch, for example, which is mechanically switched between open and closed states when contacted by the tab 2615 of the closure trigger 2610. In certain instances, the switch 2115 can comprise a proximity sensor, for example, and/or any suitable type of sensor. In at least one instance, the switch 2115 comprises a Hall Effect sensor which can detect the amount in which the closure trigger 2610 has been rotated and, based on the amount of rotation, control the speed in which the motor 1610 is operated. In such instances, larger rotations of the closure trigger 2610 result in faster speeds of the motor 1610 while smaller rotations result in slower speeds, for example. In any event, the electrical circuit is in communication with the control system 2800 of the shaft assembly 2000, which is discussed in greater detail below.

Further to the above, the control system 2800 of the shaft assembly 2000 comprises a printed circuit board (PCB) 2810, at least one microprocessor 2820, and at least one memory device 2830. The board 2810 can be rigid and/or flexible and can comprise any suitable number of layers. The microprocessor 2820 and the memory device 2830 are part of a control circuit defined on the board 2810 which communicates with the control system 1800 of the handle 1000. The shaft assembly 2000 further comprises a signal communication system 2900 and the handle 1000 further comprises a signal communication system 1900 which are configured to convey data between the shaft control system 2800 and the handle control system 1800. The signal communication system 2900 is configured to transmit data to the signal communication system 1900 utilizing any suitable analog and/or digital components. In various instances, the communication systems 2900 and 1900 can communicate using a plurality of discrete channels which allows the input gates of the microprocessor 1820 to be directly controlled, at least in part, by the output gates of the microprocessor 2820. In some instances, the communication systems 2900 and 1900 can utilize multiplexing. In at least one such instance, the control system 2900 includes a multiplexing device that sends multiple signals on a carrier channel at the same time in the form of a single, complex signal to a multiplexing device of the control system 1900 that recovers the separate signals from the complex signal.

The communication system 2900 comprises an electrical connector 2910 mounted to the circuit board 2810. The electrical connector 2910 comprises a connector body and a plurality of electrically-conductive contacts mounted to the connector body. The electrically-conductive contacts comprise male pins, for example, which are soldered to electrical traces defined in the circuit board 2810. In other instances, the male pins can be in communication with circuit board traces through zero-insertion-force (ZIF) sockets, for example. The communication system 1900 comprises an electrical connector 1910 mounted to the circuit board 1810. The electrical connector 1910 comprises a connector body and a plurality of electrically-conductive contacts mounted to the connector body. The electrically-conductive contacts comprise female pins, for example, which are soldered to electrical traces defined in the circuit board 1810. In other instances, the female pins can be in communication with circuit board traces through zero-insertion-force (ZIF) sockets, for example. When the shaft assembly 2000 is assembled to the drive module 1100, the electrical connector 2910 is operably coupled to the electrical connector 1910 such that the electrical contacts form electrical pathways therebetween. The above being said, the connectors 1910 and 2910 can comprise any suitable electrical contacts. Moreover, the communication systems 1900 and 2900 can communicate with one another in any suitable manner. In various instances, the communication systems 1900 and 2900 communicate wirelessly. In at least one such instance, the communication system 2900 comprises a wireless signal transmitter and the communication system 1900 comprises a wireless signal receiver such that the shaft assembly 2000 can wirelessly communicate data to the handle 1000. Likewise, the communication system 1900 can comprise a wireless signal transmitter and the communication system 2900 can comprise a wireless signal receiver such that the handle 1000 can wirelessly communicate data to the shaft assembly 2000.

As discussed above, the control system 1800 of the handle 1000 is in communication with, and is configured to control, the electrical power circuit of the handle 1000. The handle control system 1800 is also powered by the electrical power circuit of the handle 1000. The handle communication system 1900 is in signal communication with the handle control system 1800 and is also powered by the electrical power circuit of the handle 1000. The handle communication system 1900 is powered by the handle electrical power circuit via the handle control system 1800, but could be directly powered by the electrical power circuit. As also discussed above, the handle communication system 1900 is in signal communication with the shaft communication system 2900. That said, the shaft communication system 2900 is also powered by the handle electrical power circuit via the handle communication system 1900. To this end, the electrical connectors 1910 and 2010 connect both one or more signal circuits and one or more power circuits between the handle 1000 and the shaft assembly 2000. Moreover, the shaft communication system 2900 is in signal communication with the shaft control system 2800, as discussed above, and is also configured to supply power to the shaft control system 2800. Thus, the control systems 1800 and 2800 and the communication systems 1900 and 2900 are all powered by the electrical power circuit of the handle 1000; however, alternative embodiments are envisioned in which the shaft assembly 2000 comprises its own power source, such as one or more batteries, for example, an and electrical power circuit configured to supply power from the batteries to the handle systems 2800 and 2900. In at least one such embodiment, the handle control system 1800 and the handle communication system 1900 are powered by the handle electrical power system and the shaft control system 2800 and the handle communication system 2900 are powered by the shaft electrical power system.

Further to the above, the actuation of the clamping trigger 2610 is detected by the shaft control system 2800 and communicated to the handle control system 1800 via the communication systems 2900 and 1900. Upon receiving a signal that the clamping trigger 2610 has been actuated, the handle control system 1800 supplies power to the electric motor 1610 of the motor assembly 1600 to rotate the drive shaft 1710 of the handle drive system 1700, and the drive shaft 2710 of the shaft drive system 2700, in a direction which closes the jaw assembly 7100 of the end effector 7000. The mechanism for converting the rotation of the drive shaft 2710 to a closure motion of the jaw assembly 7100 is discussed in greater detail below. So long as the clamping trigger 2610 is held in its actuated position, the electric motor 1610 will rotate the drive shaft 1710 until the jaw assembly 7100 reaches its fully-clamped position. When the jaw assembly 7100 reaches its fully-clamped position, the handle control system 1800 cuts the electrical power to the electric motor 1610. The handle control system 1800 can determine when the jaw assembly 7100 has reached its fully-clamped position in any suitable manner. For instance, the handle control system 1800 can comprise an encoder system which monitors the rotation of, and counts the rotations of, the output shaft of the electric motor 1610 and, once the number of rotations reaches a predetermined threshold, the handle control system 1800 can discontinue supplying power to the electric motor 1610. In at least one instance, the end effector assembly 7000 can comprise one or more sensors configured to detect when the jaw assembly 7100 has reached its fully-clamped position. In at least one such instance, the sensors in the end effector 7000 are in signal communication with the handle control system 1800 via electrical circuits extending through the shaft assembly 2000 which can include the electrical contacts 1520 and 2520, for example.

When the clamping trigger 2610 is rotated distally out of its proximal position, the switch 2115 is opened which is detected by the shaft control system 2800 and communicated to the handle control system 1800 via the communication systems 2900 and 1900. Upon receiving a signal that the clamping trigger 2610 has been moved out of its actuated position, the handle control system 1800 reverses the polarity of the voltage differential being applied to the electric motor 1610 of the motor assembly 1600 to rotate the drive shaft 1710 of the handle drive system 1700, and the drive shaft 2710 of the shaft drive system 2700, in an opposite direction which, as a result, opens the jaw assembly 7100 of the end effector 7000. When the jaw assembly 7100 reaches its fully-open position, the handle control system 1800 cuts the electrical power to the electric motor 1610. The handle control system 1800 can determine when the jaw assembly 7100 has reached its fully-open position in any suitable manner. For instance, the handle control system 1800 can utilize the encoder system and/or the one or more sensors described above to determine the configuration of the jaw assembly 7100. In view of the above, the clinician needs to be mindful about holding the clamping trigger 2610 in its actuated position in order to maintain the jaw assembly 7100 in its clamped configuration as, otherwise, the control system 1800 will open jaw assembly 7100. With this in mind, the shaft assembly 2000 further comprises an actuator latch 2630 configured to releasably hold the clamping trigger 2610 in its actuated position to prevent the accidental opening of the jaw assembly 7100. The actuator latch 2630 can be manually released, or otherwise defeated, by the clinician to allow the clamping trigger 2610 to be rotated distally and open the jaw assembly 7100.

The clamping trigger system 2600 further comprises a resilient biasing member, such as a torsion spring, for example, configured to resist the closure of the clamping trigger system 2600. The torsion spring can also assist in reducing and/or mitigating sudden movements and/or jitter of the clamping trigger 2610. Such a torsion spring can also automatically return the clamping trigger 2610 to its unactuated position when the clamping trigger 2610 is released. The actuator latch 2630 discussed above can suitably hold the clamping trigger 2610 in its actuated position against the biasing force of the torsion spring.

As discussed above, the control system 1800 operates the electric motor 1610 to open and close the jaw assembly 7100. The control system 1800 is configured to open and close the jaw assembly 7100 at the same speed. In such instances, the control system 1800 applies the same voltage pulses to the electric motor 1610, albeit with different voltage polarities, when opening and closing the jaw assembly 7100. That said, the control system 1800 can be configured to open and close the jaw assembly 7100 at different speeds. For instance, the jaw assembly 7100 can be closed at a first speed and opened at a second speed which is faster than the first speed. In such instances, the slower closing speed affords the clinician an opportunity to better position the jaw assembly 7100 while clamping the tissue. Alternatively, the control system 1800 can open the jaw assembly 7100 at a slower speed. In such instances, the slower opening speed reduces the possibility of the opening jaws colliding with adjacent tissue. In either event, the control system 1800 can decrease the duration of the voltage pulses and/or increase the duration between the voltage pulses to slow down and/or speed up the movement of the jaw assembly 7100.

As discussed above, the control system 1800 is configured to interpret the position of the clamping trigger 2610 as a command to position the jaw assembly 7100 in a specific configuration. For instance, the control system 1800 is configured to interpret the proximal-most position of the clamping trigger 2610 as a command to close the jaw assembly 7100 and any other position of the clamping trigger as a command to open the jaw assembly 7100. That said, the control system 1800 can be configured to interpret the position of the clamping trigger 2610 in a proximal range of positions, instead of a single position, as a command to close the jaw assembly 7100. Such an arrangement can allow the jaw assembly 7000 to be better responsive to the clinician's input. In such instances, the range of motion of the clamping trigger 2610 is divided into ranges—a proximal range which is interpreted as a command to close the jaw assembly 7100 and a distal range which is interpreted as a command to open the jaw assembly 7100. In at least one instance, the range of motion of the clamping trigger 2610 can have an intermediate range between the proximal range and the distal range. When the clamping trigger 2610 is in the intermediate range, the control system 1800 can interpret the position of the clamping trigger 2610 as a command to neither open nor close the jaw assembly 7100. Such an intermediate range can prevent, or reduce the possibility of, jitter between the opening and closing ranges. In the instances described above, the control system 1800 can be configured to ignore cumulative commands to open or close the jaw assembly 7100. For instance, if the closure trigger 2610 has already been fully retracted into its proximal-most position, the control assembly 1800 can ignore the motion of the clamping trigger 2610 in the proximal, or clamping, range until the clamping trigger 2610 enters into the distal, or opening, range wherein, at such point, the control system 1800 can then actuate the electric motor 1610 to open the jaw assembly 7100.

In certain instances, further to the above, the position of the clamping trigger 2610 within the clamping trigger range, or at least a portion of the clamping trigger range, can allow the clinician to control the speed of the electric motor 1610 and, thus, the speed in which the jaw assembly 7100 is being opened or closed by the control assembly 1800. In at least one instance, the sensor 2115 comprises a Hall Effect sensor, and/or any other suitable sensor, configured to detect the position of the clamping trigger 2610 between its distal, unactuated position and its proximal, fully-actuated position. The Hall Effect sensor is configured to transmit a signal to the handle control system 1800 via the shaft control system 2800 such that the handle control system 1800 can control the speed of the electric motor 1610 in response to the position of the clamping trigger 2610. In at least one instance, the handle control system 1800 controls the speed of the electric motor 1610 proportionately, or in a linear manner, to the position of the clamping trigger 2610. For example, if the clamping trigger 2610 is moved half way through its range, then the handle control system 1800 will operate the electric motor 1610 at half of the speed in which the electric motor 1610 is operated when the clamping trigger 2610 is fully-retracted. Similarly, if the clamping trigger 2610 is moved a quarter way through its range, then the handle control system 1800 will operate the electric motor 1610 at a quarter of the speed in which the electric motor 1610 is operated when the clamping trigger 2610 is fully-retracted. Other embodiments are envisioned in which the handle control system 1800 controls the speed of the electric motor 1610 in a non-linear manner to the position of the clamping trigger 2610. In at least one instance, the control system 1800 operates the electric motor 1610 slowly in the distal portion of the clamping trigger range while quickly accelerating the speed of the electric motor 1610 in the proximal portion of the clamping trigger range.

As described above, the clamping trigger 2610 is movable to operate the electric motor 1610 to open or close the jaw assembly 7100 of the end effector 7000. The electric motor 1610 is also operable to rotate the end effector 7000 about a longitudinal axis and articulate the end effector 7000 relative to the elongate shaft 2200 about the articulation joint 2300 of the shaft assembly 2000. Referring primarily to FIGS. 7 and 8 , the drive module 1100 comprises an input system 1400 including a rotation actuator 1420 and an articulation actuator 1430. The input system 1400 further comprises a printed circuit board (PCB) 1410 which is in signal communication with the printed circuit board (PCB) 1810 of the control system 1800. The drive module 1100 comprises an electrical circuit, such as a flexible wiring harness or ribbon, for example, which permits the input system 1400 to communicate with the control system 1800. The rotation actuator 1420 is rotatably supported on the housing 1110 and is in signal communication with the input board 1410 and/or control board 1810, as described in greater detail below. The articulation actuator 1430 is supported by and in signal communication with the input board 1410 and/or control board 1810, as also described in greater detail below.

Referring primarily to FIGS. 8, 10, and 11 , further to the above, the handle housing 1110 comprises an annular groove or slot defined therein adjacent the distal mounting interface 1130. The rotation actuator 1420 comprises an annular ring 1422 rotatably supported within the annular groove and, owing to the configuration of the sidewalls of the annular groove, the annular ring 1422 is constrained from translating longitudinally and/or laterally with respect to the handle housing 1110. The annular ring 1422 is rotatable in a first, or clockwise, direction and a second, or counter-clockwise direction, about a longitudinal axis extending through the frame 1500 of the drive module 1100. The rotation actuator 1420 comprises one or more sensors configured to detect the rotation of the annular ring 1422. In at least one instance, the rotation actuator 1420 comprises a first sensor positioned on a first side of the drive module 1100 and a second sensor positioned on a second, or opposite, side of the drive module 1100 and the annular ring 1422 comprises a detectable element which is detectable by the first and second sensors. The first sensor is configured to detect when the annular ring 1422 is rotated in the first direction and the second sensor is configured to detect when the annular ring 1422 is rotated in the second direction. When the first sensor detects that the annular ring 1422 is rotated in the first direction, the handle control system 1800 rotates the handle drive shaft 1710, the drive shaft 2710, and the end effector 7000 in the first direction, as described in greater detail below. Similarly, the handle control system 1800 rotates the handle drive shaft 1710, the drive shaft 2710, and the end effector 7000 in the second direction when the second sensor detects that the annular ring 1422 is rotated in the second direction. In view of the above, the reader should appreciate that the clamping trigger 2610 and the rotation actuator 1420 are both operable to rotate the drive shaft 2710.

In various embodiments, further to the above, the first and second sensors comprise switches which are mechanically closable by the detectable element of the annular ring 1422. When the annular ring 1422 is rotated in the first direction from a center position, the detectable element closes the switch of the first sensor. When the switch of the first sensor is closed, the control system 1800 operates the electric motor 1610 to rotate the end effector 7000 in the first direction. When the annular ring 1422 is rotated in the second direction toward the center position, the detectable element is disengaged from the first switch and the first switch is re-opened. Once the first switch is re-opened, the control system 1800 cuts the power to the electric motor 1610 to stop the rotation of the end effector 7000. Similarly, the detectable element closes the switch of the second sensor when the annular ring 1422 is rotated in the second direction from the center position. When the switch of the second sensor is closed, the control system 1800 operates the electric motor 1610 to rotate the end effector 7000 in the second direction. When the annular ring 1422 is rotated in the first direction toward the center position, the detectable element is disengaged from the second switch and the second switch is re-opened. Once the second switch is re-opened, the control system 1800 cuts the power to the electric motor 1610 to stop the rotation of the end effector 7000.

In various embodiments, further to the above, the first and second sensors of the rotation actuator 1420 comprise proximity sensors, for example. In certain embodiments, the first and second sensors of the rotation actuator 1420 comprise Hall Effect sensors, and/or any suitable sensors, configured to detect the distance between the detectable element of the annular ring 1422 and the first and second sensors. If the first Hall Effect sensor detects that the annular ring 1422 has been rotated in the first direction, then, as discussed above, the control system 1800 will rotate the end effector 7000 in the first direction. In addition, the control system 1800 can rotate the end effector 7000 at a faster speed when the detectable element is closer to the first Hall Effect sensor than when the detectable element is further away from the first Hall Effect sensor. If the second Hall Effect sensor detects that the annular ring 1422 has been rotated in the second direction, then, as discussed above, the control system 1800 will rotate the end effector 7000 in the second direction. In addition, the control system 1800 can rotate the end effector 7000 at a faster speed when the detectable element is closer to the second Hall Effect sensor than when the detectable element is further away from the second Hall Effect sensor. As a result, the speed in which the end effector 7000 is rotated is a function of the amount, or degree, in which the annular ring 1422 is rotated. The control system 1800 is further configured to evaluate the inputs from both the first and second Hall Effect sensors when determining the direction and speed in which to rotate the end effector 7000. In various instances, the control system 1800 can use the closest Hall Effect sensor to the detectable element of the annular ring 1422 as a primary source of data and the Hall Effect sensor furthest away from the detectable element as a confirmational source of data to double-check the data provided by the primary source of data. The control system 1800 can further comprise a data integrity protocol to resolve situations in which the control system 1800 is provided with conflicting data. In any event, the handle control system 1800 can enter into a neutral state in which the handle control system 1800 does not rotate the end effector 7000 when the Hall Effect sensors detect that the detectable element is in its center position, or in a position which is equidistant between the first Hall Effect sensor and the second Hall Effect sensor. In at least one such instance, the control system 1800 can enter into its neutral state when the detectable element is in a central range of positions. Such an arrangement would prevent, or at least reduce the possibility of, rotational jitter when the clinician is not intending to rotate the end effector 7000.

Further to the above, the rotation actuator 1420 can comprise one or more springs configured to center, or at least substantially center, the rotation actuator 1420 when it is released by the clinician. In such instances, the springs can act to shut off the electric motor 1610 and stop the rotation of the end effector 7000. In at least one instance, the rotation actuator 1420 comprises a first torsion spring configured to rotate the rotation actuator 1420 in the first direction and a second torsion spring configured to rotate the rotation actuator 1420 in the second direction. The first and second torsion springs can have the same, or at least substantially the same, spring constant such that the forces and/or torques applied by the first and second torsion springs balance, or at least substantially balance, the rotation actuator 1420 in its center position.

In view of the above, the reader should appreciate that the clamping trigger 2610 and the rotation actuator 1420 are both operable to rotate the drive shaft 2710 and either, respectively, operate the jaw assembly 7100 or rotate the end effector 7000. The system that uses the rotation of the drive shaft 2710 to selectively perform these functions is described in greater detail below.

Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8 , the articulation actuator 1430 comprises a first push button 1432 and a second push button 1434. The first push button 1432 is part of a first articulation control circuit and the second push button 1434 is part of a second articulation circuit of the input system 1400. The first push button 1432 comprises a first switch that is closed when the first push button 1432 is depressed. The handle control system 1800 is configured to sense the closure of the first switch and, moreover, the closure of the first articulation control circuit. When the handle control system 1800 detects that the first articulation control circuit has been closed, the handle control system 1800 operates the electric motor 1610 to articulate the end effector 7000 in a first articulation direction about the articulation joint 2300. When the first push button 1432 is released by the clinician, the first articulation control circuit is opened which, once detected by the control system 1800, causes the control system 1800 to cut the power to the electric motor 1610 to stop the articulation of the end effector 7000.

In various instances, further to the above, the articulation range of the end effector 7000 is limited and the control system 1800 can utilize the encoder system discussed above for monitoring the rotational output of the electric motor 1610, for example, to monitor the amount, or degree, in which the end effector 7000 is rotated in the first direction. In addition to or in lieu of the encoder system, the shaft assembly 2000 can comprise a first sensor configured to detect when the end effector 7000 has reached the limit of its articulation in the first direction. In any event, when the control system 1800 determines that the end effector 7000 has reached the limit of articulation in the first direction, the control system 1800 can cut the power to the electric motor 1610 to stop the articulation of the end effector 7000.

Similar to the above, the second push button 1434 comprises a second switch that is closed when the second push button 1434 is depressed. The handle control system 1800 is configured to sense the closure of the second switch and, moreover, the closure of the second articulation control circuit. When the handle control system 1800 detects that the second articulation control circuit has been closed, the handle control system 1800 operates the electric motor 1610 to articulate the end effector 7000 in a second direction about the articulation joint 2300. When the second push button 1434 is released by the clinician, the second articulation control circuit is opened which, once detected by the control system 1800, causes the control system 1800 to cut the power to the electric motor 1610 to stop the articulation of the end effector 7000.

In various instances, the articulation range of the end effector 7000 is limited and the control system 1800 can utilize the encoder system discussed above for monitoring the rotational output of the electric motor 1610, for example, to monitor the amount, or degree, in which the end effector 7000 is rotated in the second direction. In addition to or in lieu of the encoder system, the shaft assembly 2000 can comprise a second sensor configured to detect when the end effector 7000 has reached the limit of its articulation in the second direction. In any event, when the control system 1800 determines that the end effector 7000 has reached the limit of articulation in the second direction, the control system 1800 can cut the power to the electric motor 1610 to stop the articulation of the end effector 7000.

As described above, the end effector 7000 is articulatable in a first direction (FIG. 16 ) and/or a second direction (FIG. 17 ) from a center, or unarticulated, position (FIG. 15 ). Once the end effector 7000 has been articulated, the clinician can attempt to re-center the end effector 7000 by using the first and second articulation push buttons 1432 and 1434. As the reader can appreciate, the clinician may struggle to re-center the end effector 7000 as, for instance, the end effector 7000 may not be entirely visible once it is positioned in the patient. In some instances, the end effector 7000 may not fit back through a trocar if the end effector 7000 is not re-centered, or at least substantially re-centered. With that in mind, the control system 1800 is configured to provide feedback to the clinician when the end effector 7000 is moved into its unarticulated, or centered, position. In at least one instance, the feedback comprises audio feedback and the handle control system 1800 can comprise a speaker which emits a sound, such as a beep, for example, when the end effector 7000 is centered. In certain instances, the feedback comprises visual feedback and the handle control system 1800 can comprise a light emitting diode (LED), for example, positioned on the handle housing 1110 which flashes when the end effector 7000 is centered. In various instances, the feedback comprises haptic feedback and the handle control system 1800 can comprise an electric motor comprising an eccentric element which vibrates the handle 1000 when the end effector 7000 is centered. Manually re-centering the end effector 7000 in this way can be facilitated by the control system 1800 slowing the motor 1610 when the end effector 7000 is approaching its centered position. In at least one instance, the control system 1800 slows the articulation of the end effector 7000 when the end effector 7000 is within approximately 5 degrees of center in either direction, for example.

In addition to or in lieu of the above, the handle control system 1800 can be configured to re-center the end effector 7000. In at least one such instance, the handle control system 1800 can re-center the end effector 7000 when both of the articulation buttons 1432 and 1434 of the articulation actuator 1430 are depressed at the same time. When the handle control system 1800 comprises an encoder system configured to monitor the rotational output of the electric motor 1610, for example, the handle control system 1800 can determine the amount and direction of articulation needed to re-center, or at least substantially re-center, the end effector 7000. In various instances, the input system 1400 can comprise a home button, for example, which, when depressed, automatically centers the end effector 7000.

Referring primarily to FIGS. 5 and 6 , the elongate shaft 2200 of the shaft assembly 2000 comprises an outer housing, or tube, 2210 mounted to the proximal housing 2110 of the proximal portion 2100. The outer housing 2210 comprises a longitudinal aperture 2230 extending therethrough and a proximal flange 2220 which secures the outer housing 2210 to the proximal housing 2110. The frame 2500 of the shaft assembly 2000 extends through the longitudinal aperture 2230 of the elongate shaft 2200. More specifically, the shaft 2510 of the shaft frame 2500 necks down into a smaller shaft 2530 which extends through the longitudinal aperture 2230. That said, the shaft frame 2500 can comprise any suitable arrangement. The drive system 2700 of the shaft assembly 2000 also extends through the longitudinal aperture 2230 of the elongate shaft 2200. More specifically, the drive shaft 2710 of the shaft drive system 2700 necks down into a smaller drive shaft 2730 which extends through the longitudinal aperture 2230. That said, the shaft drive system 2700 can comprise any suitable arrangement.

Referring primarily to FIGS. 20, 23, and 24 , the outer housing 2210 of the elongate shaft 2200 extends to the articulation joint 2300. The articulation joint 2300 comprises a proximal frame 2310 mounted to the outer housing 2210 such that there is little, if any, relative translation and/or rotation between the proximal frame 2310 and the outer housing 2210. Referring primarily to FIG. 22 , the proximal frame 2310 comprises an annular portion 2312 mounted to the sidewall of the outer housing 2210 and tabs 2314 extending distally from the annular portion 2312. The articulation joint 2300 further comprises links 2320 and 2340 which are rotatably mounted to the frame 2310 and mounted to an outer housing 2410 of the distal attachment portion 2400. The link 2320 comprises a distal end 2322 mounted to the outer housing 2410. More specifically, the distal end 2322 of the link 2320 is received and fixedly secured within a mounting slot 2412 defined in the outer housing 2410. Similarly, the link 2340 comprises a distal end 2342 mounted to the outer housing 2410. More specifically, the distal end 2342 of the link 2340 is received and fixedly secured within a mounting slot defined in the outer housing 2410. The link 2320 comprises a proximal end 2324 rotatably coupled to a tab 2314 of the proximal articulation frame 2310. Although not illustrated in FIG. 22 , a pin extends through apertures defined in the proximal end 2324 and the tab 2314 to define a pivot axis therebetween. Similarly, the link 2340 comprises a proximal end 2344 rotatably coupled to a tab 2314 of the proximal articulation frame 2310. Although not illustrated in FIG. 22 , a pin extends through apertures defined in the proximal end 2344 and the tab 2314 to define a pivot axis therebetween. These pivot axes are collinear, or at least substantially collinear, and define an articulation axis A of the articulation joint 2300.

Referring primarily to FIGS. 20, 23, and 24 , the outer housing 2410 of the distal attachment portion 2400 comprises a longitudinal aperture 2430 extending therethrough. The longitudinal aperture 2430 is configured to receive a proximal attachment portion 7400 of the end effector 7000. The end effector 7000 comprises an outer housing 6230 which is closely received within the longitudinal aperture 2430 of the distal attachment portion 2400 such that there is little, if any, relative radial movement between the proximal attachment portion 7400 of the end effector 7000 and the distal attachment portion 2400 of the shaft assembly 2000. The proximal attachment portion 7400 further comprises an annular array of lock notches 7410 defined on the outer housing 6230 which is releasably engaged by an end effector lock 6400 in the distal attachment portion 2400 of the shaft assembly 2000. When the end effector lock 6400 is engaged with the array of lock notches 7410, the end effector lock 6400 prevents, or at least inhibits, relative longitudinal movement between the proximal attachment portion 7400 of the end effector 7000 and the distal attachment portion 2400 of the shaft assembly 2000. As a result of the above, only relative rotation between the proximal attachment portion 7400 of the end effector 7000 and the distal attachment portion 2400 of the shaft assembly 2000 is permitted. To this end, the outer housing 6230 of the end effector 7000 is closely received within the longitudinal aperture 2430 defined in the distal attachment portion 2400 of the shaft assembly 2000.

Further to the above, referring to FIG. 21 , the outer housing 6230 further comprises an annular slot, or recess, 6270 defined therein which is configured to receive an O-ring 6275 therein. The O-ring 6275 is compressed between the outer housing 6230 and the sidewall of the longitudinal aperture 2430 when the end effector 7000 is inserted into the distal attachment portion 2400. The O-ring 6275 is configured to resist, but permit, relative rotation between the end effector 7000 and the distal attachment portion 2400 such that the O-ring 6275 can prevent, or reduce the possibility of, unintentional relative rotation between the end effector 7000 and the distal attachment portion 2400. In various instances, the O-ring 6275 can provide a seal between the end effector 7000 and the distal attachment portion 2400 to prevent, or at least reduce the possibility of, fluid ingress into the shaft assembly 2000, for example.

Referring to FIGS. 14-21 , the jaw assembly 7100 of the end effector 7000 comprises a first jaw 7110 and a second jaw 7120. Each jaw 7110, 7120 comprises a distal end which is configured to assist a clinician in dissecting tissue with the end effector 7000. Each jaw 7110, 7120 further comprises a plurality of teeth which are configured to assist a clinician in grasping and holding onto tissue with the end effector 7000. Moreover, referring primarily to FIG. 21 , each jaw 7110, 7120 comprises a proximal end, i.e., proximal ends 7115, 7125, respectively, which rotatably connect the jaws 7110, 7120 together. Each proximal end 7115, 7125 comprises an aperture extending therethrough which is configured to closely receive a pin 7130 therein. The pin 7130 comprises a central body 7135 closely received within the apertures defined in the proximal ends 7115, 7125 of the jaws 7110, 7120 such that there is little, if any, relative translation between the jaws 7110, 7120 and the pin 7130. The pin 7130 defines a jaw axis J about which the jaws 7110, 7120 can be rotated and, also, rotatably mounts the jaws 7110, 7120 to the outer housing 6230 of the end effector 7000. More specifically, the outer housing 6230 comprises distally-extending tabs 6235 having apertures defined therein which are also configured to closely receive the pin 7130 such that the jaw assembly 7100 does not translate relative to a shaft portion 7200 of the end effector 7000. The pin 7130 further comprises enlarged ends which prevent the jaws 7110, 7120 from becoming detached from the pin 7130 and also prevents the jaw assembly 7100 from becoming detached from the shaft portion 7200. This arrangement defines a rotation joint 7300.

Referring primarily to FIGS. 21 and 23 , the jaws 7110 and 7120 are rotatable between their open and closed positions by a jaw assembly drive including drive links 7140, a drive nut 7150, and a drive screw 6130. As described in greater detail below, the drive screw 6130 is selectively rotatable by the drive shaft 2730 of the shaft drive system 2700. The drive screw 6130 comprises an annular flange 6132 which is closely received within a slot, or groove, 6232 (FIG. 25 ) defined in the outer housing 6230 of the end effector 7000. The sidewalls of the slot 6232 are configured to prevent, or at least inhibit, longitudinal and/or radial translation between the drive screw 6130 and the outer housing 6230, but yet permit relative rotational motion between the drive screw 6130 and the outer housing 6230. The drive screw 6130 further comprises a threaded end 6160 which is threadably engaged with a threaded aperture 7160 defined in the drive nut 7150. The drive nut 7150 is constrained from rotating with the drive screw 6130 and, as a result, the drive nut 7150 is translated when the drive screw 6130 is rotated. In use, the drive screw 6130 is rotated in a first direction to displace the drive nut 7150 proximally and in a second, or opposite, direction to displace the drive nut 7150 distally. The drive nut 7150 further comprises a distal end 7155 comprising an aperture defined therein which is configured to closely receive pins 7145 extending from the drive links 7140. Referring primarily to FIG. 21 , a first drive link 7140 is attached to one side of the distal end 7155 and a second drive link 7140 is attached to the opposite side of the distal end 7155. The first drive link 7140 comprises another pin 7145 extending therefrom which is closely received in an aperture defined in the proximal end 7115 of the first jaw 7110 and, similarly, the second drive link 7140 comprises another pin extending therefrom which is closely received in an aperture defined in the proximal end 7125 of the second jaw 7120. As a result of the above, the drive links 7140 operably connect the jaws 7110 and 7120 to the drive nut 7150. When the drive nut 7150 is driven proximally by the drive screw 6130, as described above, the jaws 7110, 7120 are rotated into the closed, or clamped, configuration. Correspondingly, the jaws 7110, 7120 are rotated into their open configuration when the drive nut 7150 is driven distally by the drive screw 6130.

As discussed above, the control system 1800 is configured to actuate the electric motor 1610 to perform three different end effector functions—clamping/opening the jaw assembly 7100 (FIGS. 14 and 15 ), rotating the end effector 7000 about a longitudinal axis (FIGS. 18 and 19 ), and articulating the end effector 7000 about an articulation axis (FIGS. 16 and 17 ). Referring primarily to FIGS. 26 and 27 , the control system 1800 is configured to operate a transmission 6000 to selectively perform these three end effector functions. The transmission 6000 comprises a first clutch system 6100 configured to selectively transmit the rotation of the drive shaft 2730 to the drive screw 6130 of the end effector 7000 to open or close the jaw assembly 7100, depending on the direction in which the drive shaft 2730 is rotated. The transmission 6000 further comprises a second clutch system 6200 configured to selectively transmit the rotation of the drive shaft 2730 to the outer housing 6230 of the end effector 7000 to rotate the end effector 7000 about the longitudinal axis L. The transmission 6000 also comprises a third clutch system 6300 configured to selectively transmit the rotation of the drive shaft 2730 to the articulation joint 2300 to articulate the distal attachment portion 2400 and the end effector 7000 about the articulation axis A. The clutch systems 6100, 6200, and 6300 are in electrical communication with the control system 1800 via electrical circuits extending through the shaft 2510, the connector pins 2520, the connector pins 1520, and the shaft 1510, for example. In at least one instance, each of these clutch control circuits comprises two connector pins 2520 and two connector pins 1520, for example.

In various instances, further to the above, the shaft 2510 and/or the shaft 1510 comprise a flexible circuit including electrical traces which form part of the clutch control circuits. The flexible circuit can comprise a ribbon, or substrate, with conductive pathways defined therein and/or thereon. The flexible circuit can also comprise sensors and/or any solid state component, such as signal smoothing capacitors, for example, mounted thereto. In at least one instance, each of the conductive pathways can comprise one or more signal smoothing capacitors which can, among other things, even out fluctuations in signals transmitted through the conductive pathways. In various instances, the flexible circuit can be coated with at least one material, such as an elastomer, for example, which can seal the flexible circuit against fluid ingress.

Referring primarily to FIG. 28 , the first clutch system 6100 comprises a first clutch 6110, an expandable first drive ring 6120, and a first electromagnetic actuator 6140. The first clutch 6110 comprises an annular ring and is slideably disposed on the drive shaft 2730. The first clutch 6110 is comprised of a magnetic material and is movable between a disengaged, or unactuated, position (FIG. 28 ) and an engaged, or actuated, position (FIG. 29 ) by electromagnetic fields EF generated by the first electromagnetic actuator 6140. In various instances, the first clutch 6110 is at least partially comprised of iron and/or nickel, for example. In at least one instance, the first clutch 6110 comprises a permanent magnet. As illustrated in FIG. 22A, the drive shaft 2730 comprises one or more longitudinal key slots 6115 defined therein which are configured to constrain the longitudinal movement of the clutch 6110 relative to the drive shaft 2730. More specifically, the clutch 6110 comprises one or more keys extending into the key slots 6115 such that the distal ends of the key slots 6115 stop the distal movement of the clutch 6110 and the proximal ends of the key slots 6115 stop the proximal movement of the clutch 6110.

When the first clutch 6110 is in its disengaged position (FIG. 28 ), the first clutch 6110 rotates with the drive shaft 2130 but does not transmit rotational motion to the first drive ring 6120. As can be seen in FIG. 28 , the first clutch 6110 is separated from, or not in contact with, the first drive ring 6120. As a result, the rotation of the drive shaft 2730 and the first clutch 6110 is not transmitted to the drive screw 6130 when the first clutch assembly 6100 is in its disengaged state. When the first clutch 6110 is in its engaged position (FIG. 29 ), the first clutch 6110 is engaged with the first drive ring 6120 such that the first drive ring 6120 is expanded, or stretched, radially outwardly into contact with the drive screw 6130. In at least one instance, the first drive ring 6120 comprises an elastomeric band, for example. As can be seen in FIG. 29 , the first drive ring 6120 is compressed against an annular inner sidewall 6135 of the drive screw 6130. As a result, the rotation of the drive shaft 2730 and the first clutch 6110 is transmitted to the drive screw 6130 when the first clutch assembly 6100 is in its engaged state. Depending on the direction in which the drive shaft 2730 is rotated, the first clutch assembly 6100 can move the jaw assembly 7100 into its open and closed configurations when the first clutch assembly 6100 is in its engaged state.

As described above, the first electromagnetic actuator 6140 is configured to generate magnetic fields to move the first clutch 6110 between its disengaged (FIG. 28 ) and engaged (FIG. 29 ) positions. For instance, referring to FIG. 28 , the first electromagnetic actuator 6140 is configured to emit a magnetic field EF_(L) which repulses, or drives, the first clutch 6110 away from the first drive ring 6120 when the first clutch assembly 6100 is in its disengaged state. The first electromagnetic actuator 6140 comprises one or more wound coils in a cavity defined in the shaft frame 2530 which generate the magnetic field EF_(L) when current flows in a first direction through a first electrical clutch circuit including the wound coils. The control system 1800 is configured to apply a first voltage polarity to the first electrical clutch circuit to create the current flowing in the first direction. The control system 1800 can continuously apply the first voltage polarity to the first electric shaft circuit to continuously hold the first clutch 6110 in its disengaged position. While such an arrangement can prevent the first clutch 6110 from unintentionally engaging the first drive ring 6120, such an arrangement can also consume a lot of power. Alternatively, the control system 1800 can apply the first voltage polarity to the first electrical clutch circuit for a sufficient period of time to position the first clutch 6110 in its disengaged position and then discontinue applying the first voltage polarity to the first electric clutch circuit, thereby resulting in a lower consumption of power. That being said, the first clutch assembly 6100 further comprises a first clutch lock 6150 mounted in the drive screw 6130 which is configured to releasably hold the first clutch 6110 in its disengaged position. The first clutch lock 6150 is configured to prevent, or at least reduce the possibility of, the first clutch 6110 from becoming unintentionally engaged with the first drive ring 6120. When the first clutch 6110 is in its disengaged position, as illustrated in FIG. 28 , the first clutch lock 6150 interferes with the free movement of the first clutch 6110 and holds the first clutch 6110 in position via a friction force and/or an interference force therebetween. In at least one instance, the first clutch lock 6150 comprises an elastomeric plug, seat, or detent, comprised of rubber, for example. In certain instances, the first clutch lock 6150 comprises a permanent magnet which holds the first clutch 6110 in its disengaged position by an electromagnetic force. In any event, the first electromagnetic actuator 6140 can apply an electromagnetic pulling force to the first clutch 6110 that overcomes these forces, as described in greater detail below.

Further to the above, referring to FIG. 29 , the first electromagnetic actuator 6140 is configured to emit a magnetic field EF_(D) which pulls, or drives, the first clutch 6110 toward the first drive ring 6120 when the first clutch assembly 6100 is in its engaged state. The coils of the first electromagnetic actuator 6140 generate the magnetic field EF_(D) when current flows in a second, or opposite, direction through the first electrical clutch circuit. The control system 1800 is configured to apply an opposite voltage polarity to the first electrical clutch circuit to create the current flowing in the opposite direction. The control system 1800 can continuously apply the opposite voltage polarity to the first electrical clutch circuit to continuously hold the first clutch 6110 in its engaged position and maintain the operable engagement between the first drive ring 6120 and the drive screw 6130. Alternatively, the first clutch 6110 can be configured to become wedged within the first drive ring 6120 when the first clutch 6110 is in its engaged position and, in such instances, the control system 1800 may not need to continuously apply a voltage polarity to the first electrical clutch circuit to hold the first clutch assembly 6100 in its engaged state. In such instances, the control system 1800 can discontinue applying the voltage polarity once the first clutch 6110 has been sufficiently wedged in the first drive ring 6120.

Notably, further to the above, the first clutch lock 6150 is also configured to lockout the jaw assembly drive when the first clutch 6110 is in its disengaged position. More specifically, referring again to FIG. 28 , the first clutch 6110 pushes the first clutch lock 6150 in the drive screw 6130 into engagement with the outer housing 6230 of the end effector 7000 when the first clutch 6110 is in its disengaged position such that the drive screw 6130 does not rotate, or at least substantially rotate, relative to the outer housing 6230. The outer housing 6230 comprises a slot 6235 defined therein which is configured to receive the first clutch lock 6150. When the first clutch 6110 is moved into its engaged position, referring to FIG. 29 , the first clutch 6110 is no longer engaged with the first clutch lock 6150 and, as a result, the first clutch lock 6150 is no longer biased into engagement with the outer housing 6230 and the drive screw 6130 can rotate freely with respect to the outer housing 6230. As a result of the above, the first clutch 6110 can do at least two things—operate the jaw drive when the first clutch 6110 is in its engaged position and lock out the jaw drive when the first clutch 6110 is in its disengaged position.

Moreover, further to the above, the threads of the threaded portions 6160 and 7160 can be configured to prevent, or at least resist, backdriving of the jaw drive. In at least one instance, the thread pitch and/or angle of the threaded portions 6160 and 7160, for example, can be selected to prevent the backdriving, or unintentional opening, of the jaw assembly 7100. As a result of the above, the possibility of the jaw assembly 7100 unintentionally opening or closing is prevented, or at least reduced.

Referring primarily to FIG. 30 , the second clutch system 6200 comprises a second clutch 6210, an expandable second drive ring 6220, and a second electromagnetic actuator 6240. The second clutch 6210 comprises an annular ring and is slideably disposed on the drive shaft 2730. The second clutch 6210 is comprised of a magnetic material and is movable between a disengaged, or unactuated, position (FIG. 30 ) and an engaged, or actuated, position (FIG. 31 ) by electromagnetic fields EF generated by the second electromagnetic actuator 6240. In various instances, the second clutch 6210 is at least partially comprised of iron and/or nickel, for example. In at least one instance, the second clutch 6210 comprises a permanent magnet. As illustrated in FIG. 22A, the drive shaft 2730 comprises one or more longitudinal key slots 6215 defined therein which are configured to constrain the longitudinal movement of the second clutch 6210 relative to the drive shaft 2730. More specifically, the second clutch 6210 comprises one or more keys extending into the key slots 6215 such that the distal ends of the key slots 6215 stop the distal movement of the second clutch 6210 and the proximal ends of the key slots 6215 stop the proximal movement of the second clutch 6210.

When the second clutch 6210 is in its disengaged position, referring to FIG. 30 , the second clutch 6210 rotates with the drive shaft 2730 but does not transmit rotational motion to the second drive ring 6220. As can be seen in FIG. 30 , the second clutch 6210 is separated from, or not in contact with, the second drive ring 6220. As a result, the rotation of the drive shaft 2730 and the second clutch 6210 is not transmitted to the outer housing 6230 of the end effector 7000 when the second clutch assembly 6200 is in its disengaged state. When the second clutch 6210 is in its engaged position (FIG. 31 ), the second clutch 6210 is engaged with the second drive ring 6220 such that the second drive ring 6220 is expanded, or stretched, radially outwardly into contact with the outer housing 6230. In at least one instance, the second drive ring 6220 comprises an elastomeric band, for example. As can be seen in FIG. 31 , the second drive ring 6220 is compressed against an annular inner sidewall 7415 of the outer housing 6230. As a result, the rotation of the drive shaft 2730 and the second clutch 6210 is transmitted to the outer housing 6230 when the second clutch assembly 6200 is in its engaged state. Depending on the direction in which the drive shaft 2730 is rotated, the second clutch assembly 6200 can rotate the end effector 7000 in a first direction or a second direction about the longitudinal axis L when the second clutch assembly 6200 is in its engaged state.

As described above, the second electromagnetic actuator 6240 is configured to generate magnetic fields to move the second clutch 6210 between its disengaged (FIG. 30 ) and engaged (FIG. 31 ) positions. For instance, the second electromagnetic actuator 6240 is configured to emit a magnetic field EF_(L) which repulses, or drives, the second clutch 6210 away from the second drive ring 6220 when the second clutch assembly 6200 is in its disengaged state. The second electromagnetic actuator 6240 comprises one or more wound coils in a cavity defined in the shaft frame 2530 which generate the magnetic field EF_(L) when current flows in a first direction through a second electrical clutch circuit including the wound coils. The control system 1800 is configured to apply a first voltage polarity to the second electrical clutch circuit to create the current flowing in the first direction. The control system 1800 can continuously apply the first voltage polarity to the second electric clutch circuit to continuously hold the second clutch 6120 in its disengaged position. While such an arrangement can prevent the second clutch 6210 from unintentionally engaging the second drive ring 6220, such an arrangement can also consume a lot of power. Alternatively, the control system 1800 can apply the first voltage polarity to the second electrical clutch circuit for a sufficient period of time to position the second clutch 6210 in its disengaged position and then discontinue applying the first voltage polarity to the second electric clutch circuit, thereby resulting in a lower consumption of power. That being said, the second clutch assembly 6200 further comprises a second clutch lock 6250 mounted in the outer housing 6230 which is configured to releasably hold the second clutch 6210 in its disengaged position. Similar to the above, the second clutch lock 6250 can prevent, or at least reduce the possibility of, the second clutch 6210 from becoming unintentionally engaged with the second drive ring 6220. When the second clutch 6210 is in its disengaged position, as illustrated in FIG. 30 , the second clutch lock 6250 interferes with the free movement of the second clutch 6210 and holds the second clutch 6210 in position via a friction and/or interference force therebetween. In at least one instance, the second clutch lock 6250 comprises an elastomeric plug, seat, or detent, comprised of rubber, for example. In certain instances, the second clutch lock 6250 comprises a permanent magnet which holds the second clutch 6210 in its disengaged position by an electromagnetic force. That said, the second electromagnetic actuator 6240 can apply an electromagnetic pulling force to the second clutch 6210 that overcomes these forces, as described in greater detail below.

Further to the above, referring to FIG. 31 , the second electromagnetic actuator 6240 is configured to emit a magnetic field EF_(D) which pulls, or drives, the second clutch 6210 toward the second drive ring 6220 when the second clutch assembly 6200 is in its engaged state. The coils of the second electromagnetic actuator 6240 generate the magnetic field EF_(D) when current flows in a second, or opposite, direction through the second electrical shaft circuit. The control system 1800 is configured to apply an opposite voltage polarity to the second electrical shaft circuit to create the current flowing in the opposite direction. The control system 1800 can continuously apply the opposite voltage polarity to the second electric shaft circuit to continuously hold the second clutch 6210 in its engaged position and maintain the operable engagement between the second drive ring 6220 and the outer housing 6230. Alternatively, the second clutch 6210 can be configured to become wedged within the second drive ring 6220 when the second clutch 6210 is in its engaged position and, in such instances, the control system 1800 may not need to continuously apply a voltage polarity to the second shaft electrical circuit to hold the second clutch assembly 6200 in its engaged state. In such instances, the control system 1800 can discontinue applying the voltage polarity once the second clutch 6210 has been sufficiently wedged in the second drive ring 6220.

Notably, further to the above, the second clutch lock 6250 is also configured to lockout the rotation of the end effector 7000 when the second clutch 6210 is in its disengaged position. More specifically, referring again to FIG. 30 , the second clutch 6210 pushes the second clutch lock 6250 in the outer shaft 6230 into engagement with the articulation link 2340 when the second clutch 6210 is in its disengaged position such that the end effector 7000 does not rotate, or at least substantially rotate, relative to the distal attachment portion 2400 of the shaft assembly 2000. As illustrated in FIG. 27 , the second clutch lock 6250 is positioned or wedged within a slot, or channel, 2345 defined in the articulation link 2340 when the second clutch 6210 is in its disengaged position. As a result of the above, the possibility of the end effector 7000 unintentionally rotating is prevented, or at least reduced. Moreover, as a result of the above, the second clutch 6210 can do at least two things—operate the end effector rotation drive when the second clutch 6210 is in its engaged position and lock out the end effector rotation drive when the second clutch 6210 is in its disengaged position.

Referring primarily to FIGS. 22, 24, and 25 , the shaft assembly 2000 further comprises an articulation drive system configured to articulate the distal attachment portion 2400 and the end effector 7000 about the articulation joint 2300. The articulation drive system comprises an articulation drive 6330 rotatably supported within the distal attachment portion 2400. That said, the articulation drive 6330 is closely received within the distal attachment portion 2400 such that the articulation drive 6330 does not translate, or at least substantially translate, relative to the distal attachment portion 2400. The articulation drive system of the shaft assembly 2000 further comprises a stationary gear 2330 fixedly mounted to the articulation frame 2310. More specifically, the stationary gear 2330 is fixedly mounted to a pin connecting a tab 2314 of the articulation frame 2310 and the articulation link 2340 such that the stationary gear 2330 does not rotate relative to the articulation frame 2310. The stationary gear 2330 comprises a central body 2335 and an annular array of stationary teeth 2332 extending around the perimeter of the central body 2335. The articulation drive 6330 comprises an annular array of drive teeth 6332 which is meshingly engaged with the stationary teeth 2332. When the articulation drive 6330 is rotated, the articulation drive 6330 pushes against the stationary gear 2330 and articulates the distal attachment portion 2400 of the shaft assembly 2000 and the end effector 7000 about the articulation joint 2300.

Referring primarily to FIG. 32 , the third clutch system 6300 comprises a third clutch 6310, an expandable third drive ring 6320, and a third electromagnetic actuator 6340. The third clutch 6310 comprises an annular ring and is slideably disposed on the drive shaft 2730. The third clutch 6310 is comprised of a magnetic material and is movable between a disengaged, or unactuated, position (FIG. 32 ) and an engaged, or actuated, position (FIG. 33 ) by electromagnetic fields EF generated by the third electromagnetic actuator 6340. In various instances, the third clutch 6310 is at least partially comprised of iron and/or nickel, for example. In at least one instance, the third clutch 6310 comprises a permanent magnet. As illustrated in FIG. 22A, the drive shaft 2730 comprises one or more longitudinal key slots 6315 defined therein which are configured to constrain the longitudinal movement of the third clutch 6310 relative to the drive shaft 2730. More specifically, the third clutch 6310 comprises one or more keys extending into the key slots 6315 such that the distal ends of the key slots 6315 stop the distal movement of the third clutch 6310 and the proximal ends of the key slots 6315 stop the proximal movement of the third clutch 6310.

When the third clutch 6310 is in its disengaged position, referring to FIG. 32 , the third clutch 6310 rotates with the drive shaft 2730 but does not transmit rotational motion to the third drive ring 6320. As can be seen in FIG. 32 , the third clutch 6310 is separated from, or not in contact with, the third drive ring 6320. As a result, the rotation of the drive shaft 2730 and the third clutch 6310 is not transmitted to the articulation drive 6330 when the third clutch assembly 6300 is in its disengaged state. When the third clutch 6310 is in its engaged position, referring to FIG. 33 , the third clutch 6310 is engaged with the third drive ring 6320 such that the third drive ring 6320 is expanded, or stretched, radially outwardly into contact with the articulation drive 6330. In at least one instance, the third drive ring 6320 comprises an elastomeric band, for example. As can be seen in FIG. 33 , the third drive ring 6320 is compressed against an annular inner sidewall 6335 of the articulation drive 6330. As a result, the rotation of the drive shaft 2730 and the third clutch 6310 is transmitted to the articulation drive 6330 when the third clutch assembly 6300 is in its engaged state. Depending on the direction in which the drive shaft 2730 is rotated, the third clutch assembly 6300 can articulate the distal attachment portion 2400 of the shaft assembly 2000 and the end effector 7000 in a first or second direction about the articulation joint 2300.

As described above, the third electromagnetic actuator 6340 is configured to generate magnetic fields to move the third clutch 6310 between its disengaged (FIG. 32 ) and engaged (FIG. 33 ) positions. For instance, referring to FIG. 32 , the third electromagnetic actuator 6340 is configured to emit a magnetic field EF_(L) which repulses, or drives, the third clutch 6310 away from the third drive ring 6320 when the third clutch assembly 6300 is in its disengaged state. The third electromagnetic actuator 6340 comprises one or more wound coils in a cavity defined in the shaft frame 2530 which generate the magnetic field EF_(L) when current flows in a first direction through a third electrical clutch circuit including the wound coils. The control system 1800 is configured to apply a first voltage polarity to the third electrical clutch circuit to create the current flowing in the first direction. The control system 1800 can continuously apply the first voltage polarity to the third electric clutch circuit to continuously hold the third clutch 6310 in its disengaged position. While such an arrangement can prevent the third clutch 6310 from unintentionally engaging the third drive ring 6320, such an arrangement can also consume a lot of power. Alternatively, the control system 1800 can apply the first voltage polarity to the third electrical clutch circuit for a sufficient period of time to position the third clutch 6310 in its disengaged position and then discontinue applying the first voltage polarity to the third electric clutch circuit, thereby resulting in a lower consumption of power.

Further to the above, the third electromagnetic actuator 6340 is configured to emit a magnetic field EF_(D) which pulls, or drives, the third clutch 6310 toward the third drive ring 6320 when the third clutch assembly 6300 is in its engaged state. The coils of the third electromagnetic actuator 6340 generate the magnetic field EF_(D) when current flows in a second, or opposite, direction through the third electrical clutch circuit. The control system 1800 is configured to apply an opposite voltage polarity to the third electrical shaft circuit to create the current flowing in the opposite direction. The control system 1800 can continuously apply the opposite voltage polarity to the third electric shaft circuit to continuously hold the third clutch 6310 in its engaged position and maintain the operable engagement between the third drive ring 6320 and the articulation drive 6330. Alternatively, the third clutch 6210 can be configured to become wedged within the third drive ring 6320 when the third clutch 6310 is in its engaged position and, in such instances, the control system 1800 may not need to continuously apply a voltage polarity to the third shaft electrical circuit to hold the third clutch assembly 6300 in its engaged state. In such instances, the control system 1800 can discontinue applying the voltage polarity once the third clutch 6310 has been sufficiently wedged in the third drive ring 6320. In any event, the end effector 7000 is articulatable in a first direction or a second direction, depending on the direction in which the drive shaft 2730 is rotated, when the third clutch assembly 6300 is in its engaged state.

Further to the above, referring to FIGS. 22, 32, and 33 , the articulation drive system further comprises a lockout 6350 which prevents, or at least inhibits, the articulation of the distal attachment portion 2400 of the shaft assembly 2000 and the end effector 7000 about the articulation joint 2300 when the third clutch 6310 is in its disengaged position (FIG. 32 ). Referring primarily to FIG. 22 , the articulation link 2340 comprises a slot, or groove, 2350 defined therein wherein the lockout 6350 is slideably positioned in the slot 2350 and extends at least partially under the stationary articulation gear 2330. The lockout 6350 comprises at attachment hook 6352 engaged with the third clutch 6310. More specifically, the third clutch 6310 comprises an annular slot, or groove, 6312 defined therein and the attachment hook 6352 is positioned in the annular slot 6312 such that the lockout 6350 translates with the third clutch 6310. Notably, however, the lockout 6350 does not rotate, or at least substantially rotate, with the third clutch 6310. Instead, the annular groove 6312 in the third clutch 6310 permits the third clutch 6310 to rotate relative to the lockout 6350. The lockout 6350 further comprises a lockout hook 6354 slideably positioned in a radially-extending lockout slot 2334 defined in the bottom of the stationary gear 2330. When the third clutch 6310 is in its disengaged position, as illustrated in FIG. 32 , the lockout 6350 is in a locked position in which the lockout hook 6354 prevents the end effector 7000 from rotating about the articulation joint 2300. When the third clutch 6310 is in its engaged position, as illustrated in FIG. 33 , the lockout 6350 is in an unlocked position in which the lockout hook 6354 is no longer positioned in the lockout slot 2334. Instead, the lockout hook 6354 is positioned in a clearance slot defined in the middle or body 2335 of the stationary gear 2330. In such instances, the lockout hook 6354 can rotate within the clearance slot when the end effector 7000 rotates about the articulation joint 2300.

Further to the above, the radially-extending lockout slot 2334 depicted in FIGS. 32 and 33 extends longitudinally, i.e., along an axis which is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the elongate shaft 2200. Once the end effector 7000 has been articulated, however, the lockout hook 6354 is no longer aligned with the longitudinal lockout slot 2334. With this in mind, the stationary gear 2330 comprises a plurality, or an array, of radially-extending lockout slots 2334 defined in the bottom of the stationary gear 2330 such that, when the third clutch 6310 is deactuated and the lockout 6350 is pulled distally after the end effector 7000 has been articulated, the lockout hook 6354 can enter one of the lockout slots 2334 and lock the end effector 7000 in its articulated position. Thus, as a result, the end effector 7000 can be locked in an unarticulated and an articulated position. In various instances, the lockout slots 2334 can define discrete articulated positions for the end effector 7000. For instance, the lockout slots 2334 can be defined at 10 degree intervals, for example, which can define discrete articulation orientations for the end effector 7000 at 10 degree intervals. In other instances, these orientations can be at 5 degree intervals, for example. In alternative embodiments, the lockout 6350 comprises a brake that engages a circumferential shoulder defined in the stationary gear 2330 when the third clutch 6310 is disengaged from the third drive ring 6320. In such an embodiment, the end effector 7000 can be locked in any suitable orientation. In any event, the lockout 6350 prevents, or at least reduces the possibility of, the end effector 7000 unintentionally articulating. As a result of the above, the third clutch 6310 can do things—operate the articulation drive when it is in its engaged position and lock out the articulation drive when it is in its disengaged position.

Referring primarily to FIGS. 24 and 25 , the shaft frame 2530 and the drive shaft 2730 extend through the articulation joint 2300 into the distal attachment portion 2400. When the end effector 7000 is articulated, as illustrated in FIGS. 16 and 17 , the shaft frame 2530 and the drive shaft 2730 bend to accommodate the articulation of the end effector 7000. Thus, the shaft frame 2530 and the drive shaft 2730 are comprised of any suitable material which accommodates the articulation of the end effector 7000. Moreover, as discussed above, the shaft frame 2530 houses the first, second, and third electromagnetic actuators 6140, 6240, and 6340. In various instances, the first, second, and third electromagnetic actuators 6140, 6240, and 6340 each comprise wound wire coils, such as copper wire coils, for example, and the shaft frame 2530 is comprised of an insulative material to prevent, or at least reduce the possibility of, short circuits between the first, second, and third electromagnetic actuators 6140, 6240, and 6340. In various instances, the first, second, and third electrical clutch circuits extending through the shaft frame 2530 are comprised of insulated electrical wires, for example. Further to the above, the first, second, and third electrical clutch circuits place the electromagnetic actuators 6140, 6240, and 6340 in communication with the control system 1800 in the drive module 1100.

As described above, the clutches 6110, 6210, and/or 6310 can be held in their disengaged positions so that they do not unintentionally move into their engaged positions. In various arrangements, the clutch system 6000 comprises a first biasing member, such as a spring, for example, configured to bias the first clutch 6110 into its disengaged position, a second biasing member, such as a spring, for example, configured to bias the second clutch 6210 into its disengaged position, and/or a third biasing member, such as a spring, for example, configured to bias the third clutch 6110 into its disengaged position. In such arrangements, the biasing forces of the springs can be selectively overcome by the electromagnetic forces generated by the electromagnetic actuators when energized by an electrical current. Further to the above, the clutches 6110, 6210, and/or 6310 can be retained in their engaged positions by the drive rings 6120, 6220, and/or 6320, respectively. More specifically, in at least one instance, the drive rings 6120, 6220, and/or 6320 are comprised of an elastic material which grips or frictionally holds the clutches 6110, 6210, and/or 6310, respectively, in their engaged positions. In various alternative embodiments, the clutch system 6000 comprises a first biasing member, such as a spring, for example, configured to bias the first clutch 6110 into its engaged position, a second biasing member, such as a spring, for example, configured to bias the second clutch 6210 into its engaged position, and/or a third biasing member, such as a spring, for example, configured to bias the third clutch 6110 into its engaged position. In such arrangements, the biasing forces of the springs can be overcome by the electromagnetic forces applied by the electromagnetic actuators 6140, 6240, and/or 6340, respectively, as needed to selectively hold the clutches 6110, 6210, and 6310 in their disengaged positions. In any one operational mode of the surgical system, the control assembly 1800 can energize one of the electromagnetic actuators to engage one of the clutches while energizing the other two electromagnetic actuators to disengage the other two clutches.

Although the clutch system 6000 comprises three clutches to control three drive systems of the surgical system, a clutch system can comprise any suitable number of clutches to control any suitable number of systems. Moreover, although the clutches of the clutch system 6000 slide proximally and distally between their engaged and disengaged positions, the clutches of a clutch system can move in any suitable manner. In addition, although the clutches of the clutch system 6000 are engaged one at a time to control one drive motion at a time, various instances are envisioned in which more than one clutch can be engaged to control more than one drive motion at a time.

In view of the above, the reader should appreciate that the control system 1800 is configured to, one, operate the motor system 1600 to rotate the drive shaft system 2700 in an appropriate direction and, two, operate the clutch system 6000 to transfer the rotation of the drive shaft system 2700 to the appropriate function of the end effector 7000. Moreover, as discussed above, the control system 1800 is responsive to inputs from the clamping trigger system 2600 of the shaft assembly 2000 and the input system 1400 of the handle 1000. When the clamping trigger system 2600 is actuated, as discussed above, the control system 1800 activates the first clutch assembly 6100 and deactivates the second clutch assembly 6200 and the third clutch assembly 6300. In such instances, the control system 1800 also supplies power to the motor system 1600 to rotate the drive shaft system 2700 in a first direction to clamp the jaw assembly 7100 of the end effector 7000. When the control system 1800 detects that the jaw assembly 7100 is in its clamped configuration, the control system 1800 stops the motor assembly 1600 and deactivates the first clutch assembly 6100. When the control system 1800 detects that the clamping trigger system 2600 has been moved to, or is being moved to, its unactuated position, the control system 1800 activates, or maintains the activation of, the first clutch assembly 6100 and deactivates, or maintains the deactivation of, the second clutch assembly 6200 and the third clutch assembly 6300. In such instances, the control system 1800 also supplies power to the motor system 1600 to rotate the drive shaft system 2700 in a second direction to open the jaw assembly 7100 of the end effector 7000.

When the rotation actuator 1420 is actuated in a first direction, further to the above, the control system 1800 activates the second clutch assembly 6200 and deactivates the first clutch assembly 6100 and the third clutch assembly 6300. In such instances, the control system 1800 also supplies power to the motor system 1600 to rotate the drive shaft system 2700 in a first direction to rotate the end effector 7000 in a first direction. When the control system 1800 detects that the rotation actuator 1420 has been actuated in a second direction, the control system 1800 activates, or maintains the activation of, the second clutch assembly 6200 and deactivates, or maintains the deactivation of, the first clutch assembly 6100 and the third clutch assembly 6300. In such instances, the control system 1800 also supplies power to the motor system 1600 to rotate the drive shaft system 2700 in a second direction to rotate the drive shaft system 2700 in a second direction to rotate the end effector 7000 in a second direction. When the control system 1800 detects that the rotation actuator 1420 is not actuated, the control system 1800 deactivates the second clutch assembly 6200.

When the first articulation actuator 1432 is depressed, further to the above, the control system 1800 activates the third clutch assembly 6300 and deactivates the first clutch assembly 6100 and the second clutch assembly 6200. In such instances, the control system 1800 also supplies power to the motor system 1600 to rotate the drive shaft system 2700 in a first direction to articulate the end effector 7000 in a first direction. When the control system 1800 detects that the second articulation actuator 1434 is depressed, the control system 1800 activates, or maintains the activation of, the third clutch assembly 6200 and deactivates, or maintains the deactivation of, the first clutch assembly 6100 and the second clutch assembly 6200. In such instances, the control system 1800 also supplies power to the motor system 1600 to rotate the drive shaft system 2700 in a second direction to articulate the end effector 7000 in a second direction. When the control system 1800 detects that neither the first articulation actuator 1432 nor the second articulation actuator 1434 are actuated, the control system 1800 deactivates the third clutch assembly 6200.

Further to the above, the control system 1800 is configured to change the operating mode of the stapling system based on the inputs it receives from the clamping trigger system 2600 of the shaft assembly 2000 and the input system 1400 of the handle 1000. The control system 1800 is configured to shift the clutch system 6000 before rotating the shaft drive system 2700 to perform the corresponding end effector function. Moreover, the control system 1800 is configured to stop the rotation of the shaft drive system 2700 before shifting the clutch system 6000. Such an arrangement can prevent the sudden movements in the end effector 7000. Alternatively, the control system 1800 can shift the clutch system 600 while the shaft drive system 2700 is rotating. Such an arrangement can allow the control system 1800 to shift quickly between operating modes.

As discussed above, referring to FIG. 34 , the distal attachment portion 2400 of the shaft assembly 2000 comprises an end effector lock 6400 configured to prevent the end effector 7000 from being unintentionally decoupled from the shaft assembly 2000. The end effector lock 6400 comprises a lock end 6410 selectively engageable with the annular array of lock notches 7410 defined on the proximal attachment portion 7400 of the end effector 7000, a proximal end 6420, and a pivot 6430 rotatably connecting the end effector lock 6400 to the articulation link 2320. When the third clutch 6310 of the third clutch assembly 6300 is in its disengaged position, as illustrated in FIG. 34 , the third clutch 6310 is contact with the proximal end 6420 of the end effector lock 6400 such that the lock end 6410 of the end effector lock 6400 is engaged with the array of lock notches 7410. In such instances, the end effector 7000 can rotate relative to the end effector lock 6400 but cannot translate relative to the distal attachment portion 2400. When the third clutch 6310 is moved into its engaged position, as illustrated in FIG. 35 , the third clutch 6310 is no longer engaged with the proximal end 6420 of the end effector lock 6400. In such instances, the end effector lock 6400 is free to pivot upwardly and permit the end effector 7000 to be detached from the shaft assembly 2000.

The above being said, referring again to FIG. 34 , it is possible that the second clutch 6210 of the second clutch assembly 6200 is in its disengaged position when the clinician detaches, or attempts to detach, the end effector 7000 from the shaft assembly 2000. As discussed above, the second clutch 6210 is engaged with the second clutch lock 6250 when the second clutch 6210 is in its disengaged position and, in such instances, the second clutch lock 6250 is pushed into engagement with the articulation link 2340. More specifically, the second clutch lock 6250 is positioned in the channel 2345 defined in the articulation 2340 when the second clutch 6210 is engaged with the second clutch lock 6250 which may prevent, or at least impede, the end effector 7000 from being detached from the shaft assembly 2000. To facilitate the release of the end effector 7000 from the shaft assembly 2000, the control system 1800 can move the second clutch 6210 into its engaged position in addition to moving the third clutch 6310 into its engaged position. In such instances, the end effector 7000 can clear both the end effector lock 6400 and the second clutch lock 6250 when the end effector 7000 is removed.

In at least one instance, further to the above, the drive module 1100 comprises an input switch and/or sensor in communication with the control system 1800 via the input system 1400, and/or the control system 1800 directly, which, when actuated, causes the control system 1800 to unlock the end effector 7000. In various instances, the drive module 1100 comprises an input screen 1440 in communication with the board 1410 of the input system 1400 which is configured to receive an unlock input from the clinician. In response to the unlock input, the control system 1800 can stop the motor system 1600, if it is running, and unlock the end effector 7000 as described above. The input screen 1440 is also configured to receive a lock input from the clinician in which the input system 1800 moves the second clutch assembly 6200 and/or the third clutch assembly 6300 into their unactuated states to lock the end effector 7000 to the shaft assembly 2000.

FIG. 37 depicts a shaft assembly 2000′ in accordance with at least one alternative embodiment. The shaft assembly 2000′ is similar to the shaft assembly 2000 in many respects, most of which will not be repeated herein for the sake of brevity. Similar to the shaft assembly 2000, the shaft assembly 2000′ comprises a shaft frame, i.e., shaft frame 2530′. The shaft frame 2530′ comprises a longitudinal passage 2535′ and, in addition, a plurality of clutch position sensors, i.e., a first sensor 6180′, a second sensor 6280′, and a third sensor 6380′ positioned in the shaft frame 2530′. The first sensor 6180′ is in signal communication with the control system 1800 as part of a first sensing circuit. The first sensing circuit comprises signal wires extending through the longitudinal passage 2535′; however, the first sensing circuit can comprise a wireless signal transmitter and receiver to place the first sensor 6180′ in signal communication with the control system 1800. The first sensor 6180′ is positioned and arranged to detect the position of the first clutch 6110 of the first clutch assembly 6100. Based on data received from the first sensor 6180′, the control system 1800 can determine whether the first clutch 6110 is in its engaged position, its disengaged position, or somewhere in-between. With this information, the control system 1800 can assess whether or not the first clutch 6110 is in the correct position given the operating state of the surgical instrument. For instance, if the surgical instrument is in its jaw clamping/opening operating state, the control system 1800 can verify whether the first clutch 6110 is properly positioned in its engaged position. In such instances, further to the below, the control system 1800 can also verify that the second clutch 6210 is in its disengaged position via the second sensor 6280′ and that the third clutch 6310 is in its disengaged position via the third sensor 6380′. Correspondingly, the control system 1800 can verify whether the first clutch 6110 is properly positioned in its disengaged position if the surgical instrument is not in its jaw clamping/opening state. To the extent that the first clutch 6110 is not in its proper position, the control system 1800 can actuate the first electromagnetic actuator 6140 in an attempt to properly position the first clutch 6110. Likewise, the control system 1800 can actuate the electromagnetic actuators 6240 and/or 6340 to properly position the clutches 6210 and/or 6310, if necessary.

The second sensor 6280′ is in signal communication with the control system 1800 as part of a second sensing circuit. The second sensing circuit comprises signal wires extending through the longitudinal passage 2535′; however, the second sensing circuit can comprise a wireless signal transmitter and receiver to place the second sensor 6280′ in signal communication with the control system 1800. The second sensor 6280′ is positioned and arranged to detect the position of the second clutch 6210 of the first clutch assembly 6200. Based on data received from the second sensor 6280′, the control system 1800 can determine whether the second clutch 6210 is in its engaged position, its disengaged position, or somewhere in-between. With this information, the control system 1800 can assess whether or not the second clutch 6210 is in the correct position given the operating state of the surgical instrument. For instance, if the surgical instrument is in its end effector rotation operating state, the control system 1800 can verify whether the second clutch 6210 is properly positioned in its engaged position. In such instances, the control system 1800 can also verify that the first clutch 6110 is in its disengaged position via the first sensor 6180′ and, further to the below, the control system 1800 can also verify that the third clutch 6310 is in its disengaged position via the third sensor 6380′. Correspondingly, the control system 1800 can verify whether the second clutch 6110 is properly positioned in its disengaged position if the surgical instrument is not in its end effector rotation state. To the extent that the second clutch 6210 is not in its proper position, the control system 1800 can actuate the second electromagnetic actuator 6240 in an attempt to properly position the second clutch 6210. Likewise, the control system 1800 can actuate the electromagnetic actuators 6140 and/or 6340 to properly position the clutches 6110 and/or 6310, if necessary.

The third sensor 6380′ is in signal communication with the control system 1800 as part of a third sensing circuit. The third sensing circuit comprises signal wires extending through the longitudinal passage 2535′; however, the third sensing circuit can comprise a wireless signal transmitter and receiver to place the third sensor 6380′ in signal communication with the control system 1800. The third sensor 6380′ is positioned and arranged to detect the position of the third clutch 6310 of the third clutch assembly 6300. Based on data received from the third sensor 6380′, the control system 1800 can determine whether the third clutch 6310 is in its engaged position, its disengaged position, or somewhere in-between. With this information, the control system 1800 can assess whether or not the third clutch 6310 is in the correct position given the operating state of the surgical instrument. For instance, if the surgical instrument is in its end effector articulation operating state, the control system 1800 can verify whether the third clutch 6310 is properly positioned in its engaged position. In such instances, the control system 1800 can also verify that the first clutch 6110 is in its disengaged position via the first sensor 6180′ and that the second clutch 6210 is in its disengaged position via the second sensor 6280′. Correspondingly, the control system 1800 can verify whether the third clutch 6310 is properly positioned in its disengaged position if the surgical instrument is not in its end effector articulation state. To the extent that the third clutch 6310 is not in its proper position, the control system 1800 can actuate the third electromagnetic actuator 6340 in an attempt to properly position the third clutch 6310. Likewise, the control system 1800 can actuate the electromagnetic actuators 6140 and/or 6240 to properly position the clutches 6110 and/or 6210, if necessary.

Further to the above, the clutch position sensors, i.e., the first sensor 6180′, the second sensor 6280′, and the third sensor 6380′ can comprise any suitable type of sensor. In various instances, the first sensor 6180′, the second sensor 6280′, and the third sensor 6380′ each comprise a proximity sensor. In such an arrangement, the sensors 6180′, 6280′, and 6380′ are configured to detect whether or not the clutches 6110, 6210, and 6310, respectively, are in their engaged positions. In various instances, the first sensor 6180′, the second sensor 6280′, and the third sensor 6380′ each comprise a Hall Effect sensor, for example. In such an arrangement, the sensors 6180′, 6280′, and 6380′ can not only detect whether or not the clutches 6110, 6210, and 6310, respectively, are in their engaged positions but the sensors 6180′, 6280′, and 6380′ can also detect how close the clutches 6110, 6210, and 6310 are with respect to their engaged or disengaged positions.

FIG. 38 depicts the shaft assembly 2000′ and an end effector 7000″ in accordance with at least one alternative embodiment. The end effector 7000″ is similar to the end effector 7000 in many respects, most of which will not be repeated herein for the sake of brevity. Similar to the end effector 7000, the shaft assembly 7000″ comprises a jaw assembly 7100 and a jaw assembly drive configured to move the jaw assembly 7100 between its open and closed configurations. The jaw assembly drive comprises drive links 7140, a drive nut 7150″, and a drive screw 6130″. The drive nut 7150″ comprises a sensor 7190″ positioned therein which is configured to detect the position of a magnetic element 6190″ positioned in the drive screw 6130″. The magnetic element 6190″ is positioned in an elongate aperture 6134″ defined in the drive screw 6130″ and can comprise a permanent magnet and/or can be comprised of iron, nickel, and/or any suitable metal, for example. In various instances, the sensor 7190″ comprises a proximity sensor, for example, which is in signal communication with the control system 1800. In certain instances, the sensor 7190″ comprises a Hall Effect sensor, for example, in signal communication with the control system 1800. In certain instances, the sensor 7190″ comprises an optical sensor, for example, and the detectable element 6190″ comprises an optically detectable element, such as a reflective element, for example. In either event, the sensor 7190″ is configured to communicate wirelessly with the control system 1800 via a wireless signal transmitter and receiver and/or via a wired connection extending through the shaft frame passage 2532′, for example.

The sensor 7190″, further to the above, is configured to detect when the magnetic element 6190″ is adjacent to the sensor 7190″ such that the control system 1800 can use this data to determine that the jaw assembly 7100 has reached the end of its clamping stroke. At such point, the control system 1800 can stop the motor assembly 1600. The sensor 7190″ and the control system 1800 are also configured to determine the distance between where the drive screw 6130″ is currently positioned and where the drive screw 6130″ should be positioned at the end of its closure stroke in order to calculate the amount of closure stroke of the drive screw 6130″ that is still needed to close the jaw assembly 7100. Moreover, such information can be used by the control system 1800 to assess the current configuration of the jaw assembly 7100, i.e., whether the jaw assembly 7100 is in its open configuration, its closed configuration, or a partially closed configuration. The sensor system could be used to determine when the jaw assembly 7100 has reached its fully open position and stop the motor assembly 1600 at that point. In various instances, the control system 1800 could use this sensor system to confirm that the first clutch assembly 6100 is in its actuated state by confirming that the jaw assembly 7100 is moving while the motor assembly 1600 is turning. Similarly, the control system 1800 could use this sensor system to confirm that the first clutch assembly 6100 is in its unactuated state by confirming that the jaw assembly 7100 is not moving while the motor assembly 1600 is turning.

FIG. 39 depicts a shaft assembly 2000′″ and an end effector 7000′″ in accordance with at least one alternative embodiment. The shaft assembly 2000′″ is similar to the shaft assemblies 2000 and 2000′ in many respects, most of which will not be repeated herein for the sake of brevity. The end effector 7000′″ is similar to the end effectors 7000 and 7000″ in many respects, most of which will not be repeated herein for the sake of brevity. Similar to the end effector 7000, the end effector 7000′″ comprises a jaw assembly 7100 and a jaw assembly drive configured to move the jaw assembly 7100 between its open and closed configurations and, in addition, an end effector rotation drive that rotates the end effector 7000′″ relative to the distal attachment portion 2400 of the shaft assembly 2000′. The end effector rotation drive comprises an outer housing 6230′″ that is rotated relative to a shaft frame 2530′″ of the end effector 7000′″ by the second clutch assembly 6200. The shaft frame 2530′″ comprises a sensor 6290′″ positioned therein which is configured to detect the position of a magnetic element 6190′″ positioned in and/or on the outer housing 6230′″. The magnetic element 6190′″ can comprise a permanent magnet and/or can be comprised of iron, nickel, and/or any suitable metal, for example. In various instances, the sensor 6290′″ comprises a proximity sensor, for example, in signal communication with the control system 1800. In certain instances, the sensor 6290′″ comprises a Hall Effect sensor, for example, in signal communication with the control system 1800. In either event, the sensor 6290′″ is configured to communicate wirelessly with the control system 1800 via a wireless signal transmitter and receiver and/or via a wired connection extending through the shaft frame passage 2532′, for example. In various instances, the control system 1800 can use the sensor 6290′″ to confirm whether the magnetic element 6190′″ is rotating and, thus, confirm that the second clutch assembly 6200 is in its actuated state. Similarly, the control system 1800 can use the sensor 6290′″ to confirm whether the magnetic element 6190′″ is not rotating and, thus, confirm that the second clutch assembly 6200 is in its unactuated state. The control system 1800 can also use the sensor 6290′″ to confirm that the second clutch assembly 6200 is in its unactuated state by confirming that the second clutch 6210 is positioned adjacent the sensor 6290′″.

FIG. 40 depicts a shaft assembly 2000″″ in accordance with at least one alternative embodiment. The shaft assembly 2000″″ is similar to the shaft assemblies 2000, 2000′, and 2000′″ in many respects, most of which will not be repeated herein for the sake of brevity. Similar to the shaft assembly 2000, the shaft assembly 2000″″ comprises, among other things, an elongate shaft 2200, an articulation joint 2300, and a distal attachment portion 2400 configured to receive an end effector, such as end effector 7000′, for example. Similar to the shaft assembly 2000, the shaft assembly 2000″″ comprises an articulation drive, i.e., articulation drive 6330″″ configured to rotate the distal attachment portion 2400 and the end effector 7000′ about the articulation joint 2300. Similar to the above, a shaft frame 2530″″ comprises a sensor positioned therein configured to detect the position, and/or rotation, of a magnetic element 6390″″ positioned in and/or on the articulation drive 6330″″. The magnetic element 6390″″ can comprise a permanent magnet and/or can be comprised of iron, nickel, and/or any suitable metal, for example. In various instances, the sensor comprises a proximity sensor, for example, in signal communication with the control system 1800. In certain instances, the sensor comprises a Hall Effect sensor, for example, in signal communication with the control system 1800. In either event, the sensor is configured to communicate wirelessly with the control system 1800 via a wireless signal transmitter and receiver and/or via a wired connection extending through the shaft frame passage 2532′, for example. In various instances, the control system 1800 can use the sensor to confirm whether the magnetic element 6390″″ is rotating and, thus, confirm that the third clutch assembly 6300 is in its actuated state. Similarly, the control system 1800 can use the sensor to confirm whether the magnetic element 6390″″ is not rotating and, thus, confirm that the third clutch assembly 6300 is in its unactuated state. In certain instances, the control system 1800 can use the sensor to confirm that the third clutch assembly 6300 is in its unactuated state by confirming that the third clutch 6310 is positioned adjacent the sensor.

Referring to FIG. 40 once again, the shaft assembly 2000″″ comprises an end effector lock 6400′ configured to releasably lock the end effector 7000′, for example, to the shaft assembly 2000″″. The end effector lock 6400′ is similar to the end effector lock 6400 in many respects, most of which will not be discussed herein for the sake of brevity. Notably, though, a proximal end 6420′ of the lock 6400′ comprises a tooth 6422′ configured to engage the annular slot 6312 of the third clutch 6310 and releasably hold the third clutch 6310 in its disengaged position. That said, the actuation of the third electromagnetic assembly 6340 can disengage the third clutch 6310 from the end effector lock 6400′. Moreover, in such instances, the proximal movement of the third clutch 6310 into its engaged position rotates the end effector lock 6400′ into a locked position and into engagement with the lock notches 7410 to lock the end effector 7000′ to the shaft assembly 2000″″. Correspondingly, the distal movement of the third clutch 6310 into its disengaged position unlocks the end effector 7000′ and allows the end effector 7000′ to be disassembled from the shaft assembly 2000″″.

Further to the above, an instrument system including a handle and a shaft assembly attached thereto can be configured to perform a diagnostic check to assess the state of the clutch assemblies 6100, 6200, and 6300. In at least one instance, the control system 1800 sequentially actuates the electromagnetic actuators 6140, 6240, and/or 6340—in any suitable order—to verify the positions of the clutches 6110, 6210, and/or 6310, respectively, and/or verify that the clutches are responsive to the electromagnetic actuators and, thus, not stuck. The control system 1800 can use sensors, including any of the sensors disclosed herein, to verify the movement of the clutches 6110, 6120, and 6130 in response to the electromagnetic fields created by the electromagnetic actuators 6140, 6240, and/or 6340. In addition, the diagnostic check can also include verifying the motions of the drive systems. In at least one instance, the control system 1800 sequentially actuates the electromagnetic actuators 6140, 6240, and/or 6340—in any suitable order—to verify that the jaw drive opens and/or closes the jaw assembly 7100, the rotation drive rotates the end effector 7000, and/or the articulation drive articulates the end effector 7000, for example. The control system 1800 can use sensors to verify the motions of the jaw assembly 7100 and end effector 7000.

The control system 1800 can perform the diagnostic test at any suitable time, such as when a shaft assembly is attached to the handle and/or when the handle is powered on, for example. If the control system 1800 determines that the instrument system passed the diagnostic test, the control system 1800 can permit the ordinary operation of the instrument system. In at least one instance, the handle can comprise an indicator, such as a green LED, for example, which indicates that the diagnostic check has been passed. If the control system 1800 determines that the instrument system failed the diagnostic test, the control system 1800 can prevent and/or modify the operation of the instrument system. In at least one instance, the control system 1800 can limit the functionality of the instrument system to only the functions necessary to remove the instrument system from the patient, such as straightening the end effector 7000 and/or opening and closing the jaw assembly 7100, for example. In at least one respect, the control system 1800 enters into a limp mode. The limp mode of the control system 1800 can reduce a current rotational speed of the motor 1610 by any percentage selected from a range of about 75% to about 25%, for example. In one example, the limp mode reduces a current rotational speed of the motor 1610 by 50%. In one example, the limp mode reduces the current rotational speed of the motor 1610 by 75%. The limp mode may cause a current torque of the motor 1610 to be reduced by any percentage selected from a range of about 75% to about 25%, for example. In one example, the limp mode reduces a current torque of the motor 1610 by 50%. The handle can comprise an indicator, such as a red LED, for example, which indicates that the instrument system failed the diagnostic check and/or that the instrument system has entered into a limp mode. The above being said, any suitable feedback can be used to warn the clinician that the instrument system is not operating properly such as, for example, an audible warning and/or a tactile or vibratory warning, for example.

FIGS. 41-43 depict a clutch system 6000′ in accordance with at least one alternative embodiment. The clutch system 6000′ is similar to the clutch system 6000 in many respects, most of which will not be repeated herein for the sake of brevity. Similar to the clutch system 6000, the clutch system 6000′ comprises a clutch assembly 6100′ which is actuatable to selectively couple a rotatable drive input 6030′ with a rotatable drive output 6130′. The clutch assembly 6100′ comprises clutch plates 6110′ and drive rings 6120′. The clutch plates 6110′ are comprised of a magnetic material, such as iron and/or nickel, for example, and can comprise a permanent magnet. As described in greater detail below, the clutch plates 6110′ are movable between unactuated positions (FIG. 42 ) and actuated positions (FIG. 43 ) within the drive output 6130′. The clutch plates 6110′ are slideably positioned in apertures defined in the drive output 6130′ such that the clutch plates 6110′ rotate with the drive output 6130′ regardless of whether the clutch plates 6110′ are in their unactuated or actuated positions.

When the clutch plates 6110′ are in their unactuated positions, as illustrated in FIG. 42 , the rotation of the drive input 6030′ is not transferred to the drive output 6130′. More specifically, when the drive input 6030′ is rotated, in such instances, the drive input 6030′ slides past and rotates relative to the drive rings 6120′ and, as a result, the drive rings 6120′ do not drive the clutch plates 6110′ and the drive output 6130′. When the clutch plates 6110′ are in their actuated positions, as illustrated in FIG. 43 , the clutch plates 6110′ resiliently compress the drive rings 6120′ against the drive input 6030′. The drive rings 6120′ are comprised of any suitable compressible material, such as rubber, for example. In any event, in such instances, the rotation of the drive input 6030′ is transferred to the drive output 6130′ via the drive rings 6120′ and the clutch plates 6110′. The clutch system 6000′ comprises a clutch actuator 6140′ configured to move the clutch plates 6110′ into their actuated positions. The clutch actuator 6140′ is comprised of a magnetic material such as iron and/or nickel, for example, and can comprise a permanent magnet. The clutch actuator 6140′ is slideably positioned in a longitudinal shaft frame 6050′ extending through the drive input 6030′ and can be moved between an unactuated position (FIG. 42 ) and an actuated position (FIG. 43 ) by a clutch shaft 6060′. In at least one instance, the clutch shaft 6060′ comprises a polymer cable, for example. When the clutch actuator 6140′ is in its actuated position, as illustrated in FIG. 43 , the clutch actuator 6140′ pulls the clutch plates 6110′ inwardly to compress the drive rings 6120′, as discussed above. When the clutch actuator 6140′ is moved into its unactuated position, as illustrated in FIG. 42 , the drive rings 6120′ resiliently expand and push the clutch plates 6110′ away from the drive input 6030′. In various alternative embodiments, the clutch actuator 6140′ can comprise an electromagnet. In such an arrangement, the clutch actuator 6140′ can be actuated by an electrical circuit extending through a longitudinal aperture defined in the clutch shaft 6060′, for example. In various instances, the clutch system 6000′ further comprises electrical wires 6040′, for example, extending through the longitudinal aperture.

FIG. 44 depicts an end effector 7000 a including a jaw assembly 7100 a, a jaw assembly drive, and a clutch system 6000 a in accordance with at least one alternative embodiment. The jaw assembly 7100 a comprises a first jaw 7110 a and a second jaw 7120 a which are selectively rotatable about a pivot 7130 a. The jaw assembly drive comprises a translatable actuator rod 7160 a and drive links 7140 a which are pivotably coupled to the actuator rod 7160 a about a pivot 7150 a. The drive links 7140 a are also pivotably coupled to the jaws 7110 a and 7120 a such that the jaws 7110 a and 7120 a are rotated closed when the actuator rod 7160 a is pulled proximally and rotated open when the actuator rod 7160 a is pushed distally. The clutch system 6000 a is similar to the clutch systems 6000 and 6000′ in many respects, most of which will not be repeated herein for the sake of brevity. The clutch system 6000 a comprises a first clutch assembly 6100 a and a second clutch assembly 6200 a which are configured to selectively transmit the rotation of a drive input 6030 a to rotate the jaw assembly 7100 a about a longitudinal axis and articulate the jaw assembly 7100 a about an articulation joint 7300 a, respectively, as described in greater detail below.

The first clutch assembly 6100 a comprises clutch plates 6110 a and drive rings 6120 a and work in a manner similar to the clutch plates 6110′ and drive rings 6120′ discussed above. When the clutch pates 6110 a are actuated by an electromagnetic actuator 6140 a, the rotation of the drive input 6030 a is transferred to an outer shaft housing 7200 a. More specifically, the outer shaft housing 7200 a comprises a proximal outer housing 7210 a and a distal outer housing 7220 a which is rotatably supported by the proximal outer housing 7210 a and is rotated relative to the proximal outer housing 7210 a by the drive input 6030 a when the clutch plates 6110 a are in their actuated position. The rotation of the distal outer housing 7220 a rotates the jaw assembly 7100 a about the longitudinal axis owing to fact that the pivot 7130 a of the jaw assembly 7100 a is mounted to the distal outer housing 7220 a. As a result, the outer shaft housing 7200 a rotates the jaw assembly 7100 a in a first direction when the outer shaft housing 7200 a is rotated in a first direction by the drive input 6030 a. Similarly, the outer shaft housing 7200 a rotates the jaw assembly 7100 a in a second direction when the outer shaft housing 7200 a is rotated in a second direction by the drive input 6030 a. When the electromagnetic actuator 6140 a is de-energized, the drive rings 6120 a expand and the clutch plates 6110 a are moved into their unactuated positions, thereby decoupling the end effector rotation drive from the drive input 6030 a.

The second clutch assembly 6200 a comprises clutch plates 6210 a and drive rings 6220 a and work in a manner similar to the clutch plates 6110′ and drive rings 6120′ discussed above. When the clutch pates 6210 a are actuated by an electromagnetic actuator 6240 a, the rotation of the drive input 6030 a is transferred to an articulation drive 6230 a. The articulation drive 6230 a is rotatably supported within an outer shaft housing 7410 a of an end effector attachment portion 7400 a and is rotatably supported by a shaft frame 6050 a extending through the outer shaft housing 7410 a. The articulation drive 6230 a comprises a gear face defined thereon which is operably intermeshed with a stationary gear face 7230 a defined on the proximal outer housing 7210 a of the outer shaft housing 7200 a. As a result, the articulation drive 6230 a articulates the outer shaft housing 7200 a and the jaw assembly 7100 a in a first direction when the articulation drive 6230 a is rotated in a first direction by the drive input 6030 a. Similarly, the articulation drive 6230 a articulates the outer shaft housing 7200 a and the jaw assembly 7100 a in a second direction when the articulation drive 6230 a is rotated in a second direction by the drive input 6030 a. When the electromagnetic actuator 6240 a is de-energized, the drive rings 6220 a expand and the clutch plates 6210 a are moved into their unactuated positions, thereby decoupling the end effector articulation drive from the drive input 6030 a.

Further to the above, the shaft assembly 4000 is illustrated in FIGS. 45-49 . The shaft assembly 4000 is similar to the shaft assemblies 2000, 2000′, 2000′″, and 2000″″ in many respects, most of which will not be repeated herein for the sake of brevity. The shaft assembly 4000 comprises a proximal portion 4100, an elongate shaft 4200, a distal attachment portion 2400, and an articulate joint 2300 which rotatably connects the distal attachment portion 2040 to the elongate shaft 4200. The proximal portion 4100, similar to the proximal portion 2100, is operably attachable to the drive module 1100 of the handle 1000. The proximal portion 4100 comprises a housing 4110 including an attachment interface 4130 configured to mount the shaft assembly 4000 to the attachment interface 1130 of the handle 1000. The shaft assembly 4000 further comprises a frame 4500 including a shaft 4510 configured to be coupled to the shaft 1510 of the handle frame 1500 when the shaft assembly 4000 is attached to the handle 1000. The shaft assembly 4000 also comprises a drive system 4700 including a rotatable drive shaft 4710 configured to be operably coupled to the drive shaft 1710 of the handle drive system 1700 when the shaft assembly 4000 is attached to the handle 1000. The distal attachment portion 2400 is configured to receive an end effector, such as end effector 8000, for example. The end effector 8000 is similar to the end effector 7000 in many respects, most of which will not be repeated herein for the sake of brevity. That said, the end effector 8000 comprises a jaw assembly 8100 configured to, among other things, grasp tissue.

As discussed above, referring primarily to FIGS. 47-49 , the frame 4500 of the shaft assembly 4000 comprises a frame shaft 4510. The frame shaft 4510 comprises a notch, or cut-out, 4530 defined therein. As discussed in greater detail below, the cut-out 4530 is configured to provide clearance for a jaw closure actuation system 4600. The frame 4500 further comprises a distal portion 4550 and a bridge 4540 connecting the distal portion 4550 to the frame shaft 4510. The frame 4500 further comprises a longitudinal portion 4560 extending through the elongate shaft 4200 to the distal attachment portion 2400. Similar to the above, the frame shaft 4510 comprises one or more electrical traces defined thereon and/or therein. The electrical traces extend through the longitudinal portion 4560, the distal portion 4550, the bridge 4540, and/or any suitable portion of the frame shaft 4510 to the electrical contacts 2520. Referring primarily to FIG. 48 , the distal portion 4550 and longitudinal portion 4560 comprise a longitudinal aperture defined therein which is configured to receive a rod 4660 of the jaw closure actuation system 4600, as described in greater detail below.

As also discussed above, referring primarily to FIGS. 48 and 49 , the drive system 4700 of the shaft assembly 4000 comprises a drive shaft 4710. The drive shaft 4710 is rotatably supported within the proximal shaft housing 4110 by the frame shaft 4510 and is rotatable about a longitudinal axis extending through the frame shaft 4510. The drive system 4700 further comprises a transfer shaft 4750 and an output shaft 4780. The transfer shaft 4750 is also rotatably supported within the proximal shaft housing 4110 and is rotatable about a longitudinal axis extending parallel to, or at least substantially parallel to, the frame shaft 4510 and the longitudinal axis defined therethrough. The transfer shaft 4750 comprises a proximal spur gear 4740 fixedly mounted thereto such that the proximal spur gear 4740 rotates with the transfer shaft 4750. The proximal spur gear 4740 is operably intermeshed with an annular gear face 4730 defined around the outer circumference of the drive shaft 4710 such that the rotation of the drive shaft 4710 is transferred to the transfer shaft 4750. The transfer shaft 4750 further comprises a distal spur gear 4760 fixedly mounted thereto such that the distal spur gear 4760 rotates with the transfer shaft 4750. The distal spur gear 4760 is operably intermeshed with an annular gear 4770 defined around the outer circumference of the output shaft 4780 such that the rotation of the transfer shaft 4750 is transferred to the output shaft 4780. Similar to the above, the output shaft 4780 is rotatably supported within the proximal shaft housing 4110 by the distal portion 4550 of the shaft frame 4500 such that the output shaft 4780 rotates about the longitudinal shaft axis. Notably, the output shaft 4780 is not directly coupled to the input shaft 4710; rather, the output shaft 4780 is operably coupled to the input shaft 4710 by the transfer shaft 4750. Such an arrangement provides room for the manually-actuated jaw closure actuation system 4600 discussed below.

Further to the above, referring primarily to FIGS. 47 and 48 , the jaw closure actuation system 4600 comprises an actuation, or scissors, trigger 4610 rotatably coupled to the proximal shaft housing 4110 about a pivot 4620. The actuation trigger 4610 comprises an elongate portion 4612, a proximal end 4614, and a grip ring aperture 4616 defined in the proximal end 4614 which is configured to be gripped by the clinician. The shaft assembly 4000 further comprises a stationary grip 4160 extending from the proximal housing 4110. The stationary grip 4160 comprises an elongate portion 4162, a proximal end 4164, and a grip ring aperture 4166 defined in the proximal end 4164 which is configured to be gripped by the clinician. In use, as described in greater detail below, the actuation trigger 4610 is rotatable between an unactuated position and an actuated position (FIG. 48 ), i.e., toward the stationary grip 4160, to close the jaw assembly 8100 of the end effector 8000.

Referring primarily to FIG. 48 , the jaw closure actuation system 4600 further comprises a drive link 4640 rotatably coupled to the proximal shaft housing 4110 about a pivot 4650 and, in addition, an actuation rod 4660 operably coupled to the drive link 4640. The actuation rod 4660 extends through an aperture defined in the longitudinal frame portion 4560 and is translatable along the longitudinal axis of the shaft frame 4500. The actuation rod 4660 comprises a distal end operably coupled to the jaw assembly 8100 and a proximal end 4665 positioned in a drive slot 4645 defined in the drive link 4640 such that the actuation rod 4660 is translated longitudinally when the drive link 4640 is rotated about the pivot 4650. Notably, the proximal end 4665 is rotatably supported within the drive slot 4645 such that the actuation rod 4660 can rotate with the end effector 8000.

Further to the above, the actuation trigger 4610 further comprises a drive arm 4615 configured to engage and rotate the drive link 4640 proximally, and translate the actuation rod 4660 proximally, when the actuation trigger 4610 is actuated, i.e., moved closer to the proximal shaft housing 4110. In such instances, the proximal rotation of the drive link 4640 resiliently compresses a biasing member, such as a coil spring 4670, for example, positioned intermediate the drive link 4640 and the frame shaft 4510. When the actuation trigger 4610 is released, the compressed coil spring 4670 re-expands and pushes the drive link 4640 and the actuation rod 4660 distally to open the jaw assembly 8100 of the end effector 8000. Moreover, the distal rotation of the drive link 4640 drives, and automatically rotates, the actuation trigger 4610 back into its unactuated position. That being said, the clinician could manually return the actuation trigger 4610 back into its unactuated position. In such instances, the actuation trigger 4610 could be opened slowly. In either event, the shaft assembly 4000 further comprises a lock configured to releasably hold the actuation trigger 4610 in its actuated position such that the clinician can use their hand to perform another task without the jaw assembly 8100 opening unintentionally.

In various alternative embodiments, further to the above, the actuation rod 4660 can be pushed distally to close the jaw assembly 8100. In at least one such instance, the actuation rod 4660 is mounted directly to the actuation trigger 4610 such that, when the actuation trigger 4610 is actuated, the actuation trigger 4610 drives the actuation rod 4660 distally. Similar to the above, the actuation trigger 4610 can compress a spring when the actuation trigger 4610 is closed such that, when the actuation trigger 4610 is released, the actuation rod 4660 is pushed proximally.

Further to the above, the shaft assembly 4000 has three functions—opening/closing the jaw assembly of an end effector, rotating the end effector about a longitudinal axis, and articulating the end effector about an articulation axis. The end effector rotation and articulation functions of the shaft assembly 4000 are driven by the motor assembly 1600 and the control system 1800 of the drive module 1100 while the jaw actuation function is manually-driven by the jaw closure actuation system 4600. The jaw closure actuation system 4600 could be a motor-driven system but, instead, the jaw closure actuation system 4600 has been kept a manually-driven system such that the clinician can have a better feel for the tissue being clamped within the end effector. While motorizing the end effector rotation and actuation systems provides certain advantages for controlling the position of the end effector, motorizing the jaw closure actuation system 4600 may cause the clinician to lose a tactile sense of the force being applied to the tissue and may not be able to assess whether the force is insufficient or excessive. Thus, the jaw closure actuation system 4600 is manually-driven even though the end effector rotation and articulation systems are motor-driven.

FIG. 50 is a logic diagram of the control system 1800 of the surgical system depicted in FIG. 1 in accordance with at least one embodiment. The control system 1800 comprises a control circuit. The control circuit includes a microcontroller 1840 comprising a processor 1820 and a memory 1830. One or more sensors, such as sensors 1880, 1890, 6180′, 6280′, 6380′, 7190″, and/or 6290′″, for example, provide real time feedback to the processor 1820. The control system 1800 further comprises a motor driver 1850 configured to control the electric motor 1610 and a tracking system 1860 configured to determine the position of one or more longitudinally movable components in the surgical instrument, such as the clutches 6110, 6120, and 6130 and/or the longitudinally-movable drive nut 7150 of the jaw assembly drive, for example. The tracking system 1860 is also configured to determine the position of one or more rotational components in the surgical instrument, such as the drive shaft 2530, the outer shaft 6230, and/or the articulation drive 6330, for example. The tracking system 1860 provides position information to the processor 1820, which can be programmed or configured to, among other things, determine the position of the clutches 6110, 6120, and 6130 and the drive nut 7150 as well as the orientation of the jaws 7110 and 7120. The motor driver 1850 may be an A3941 available from Allegro Microsystems, Inc., for example; however, other motor drivers may be readily substituted for use in the tracking system 1860. A detailed description of an absolute positioning system is described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0296213, entitled SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING A SURGICAL STAPLING AND CUTTING INSTRUMENT, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

The microcontroller 1840 may be any single core or multicore processor such as those known under the trade name ARM Cortex by Texas Instruments, for example. In at least one instance, the microcontroller 1840 is a LM4F230H5QR ARM Cortex-M4F Processor Core, available from Texas Instruments, for example, comprising on-chip memory of 256 KB single-cycle flash memory, or other non-volatile memory, up to 40 MHz, a prefetch buffer to improve performance above 40 MHz, a 32 KB single-cycle serial random access memory (SRAM), internal read-only memory (ROM) loaded with StellarisWare® software, 2 KB electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), one or more pulse width modulation (PWM) modules and/or frequency modulation (FM) modules, one or more quadrature encoder inputs (QEI) analog, one or more 12-bit Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC) with 12 analog input channels, for example, details of which are available from the product datasheet.

In various instances, the microcontroller 1840 comprises a safety controller comprising two controller-based families such as TMS570 and RM4x known under the trade name Hercules ARM Cortex R4, also by Texas Instruments. The safety controller may be configured specifically for IEC 61508 and ISO 26262 safety critical applications, among others, to provide advanced integrated safety features while delivering scalable performance, connectivity, and memory options.

The microcontroller 1840 is programmed to perform various functions such as precisely controlling the speed and/or position of the drive nut 7150 of the jaw closure assembly, for example. The microcontroller 1840 is also programmed to precisely control the rotational speed and position of the end effector 7000 and the articulation speed and position of the end effector 7000. In various instances, the microcontroller 1840 computes a response in the software of the microcontroller 1840. The computed response is compared to a measured response of the actual system to obtain an “observed” response, which is used for actual feedback decisions. The observed response is a favorable, tuned, value that balances the smooth, continuous nature of the simulated response with the measured response, which can detect outside influences on the system.

The motor 1610 is controlled by the motor driver 1850. In various forms, the motor 1610 is a DC brushed driving motor having a maximum rotational speed of approximately 25,000 RPM, for example. In other arrangements, the motor 1610 includes a brushless motor, a cordless motor, a synchronous motor, a stepper motor, or any other suitable electric motor. The motor driver 1850 may comprise an H-bridge driver comprising field-effect transistors (FETs), for example. The motor driver 1850 may be an A3941 available from Allegro Microsystems, Inc., for example. The A3941 driver 1850 is a full-bridge controller for use with external N-channel power metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) specifically designed for inductive loads, such as brush DC motors. In various instances, the driver 1850 comprises a unique charge pump regulator provides full (>10 V) gate drive for battery voltages down to 7 V and allows the A3941 to operate with a reduced gate drive, down to 5.5 V. A bootstrap capacitor may be employed to provide the above-battery supply voltage required for N-channel MOSFETs. An internal charge pump for the high-side drive allows DC (100% duty cycle) operation. The full bridge can be driven in fast or slow decay modes using diode or synchronous rectification. In the slow decay mode, current recirculation can be through the high-side or the lowside FETs. The power FETs are protected from shoot-through by resistor adjustable dead time. Integrated diagnostics provide indication of undervoltage, overtemperature, and power bridge faults, and can be configured to protect the power MOSFETs under most short circuit conditions. Other motor drivers may be readily substituted.

The tracking system 1860 comprises a controlled motor drive circuit arrangement comprising one or more position sensors, such as sensors 1880, 1890, 6180′, 6280′, 6380′, 7190″, and/or 6290′″, for example. The position sensors for an absolute positioning system provide a unique position signal corresponding to the location of a displacement member. As used herein, the term displacement member is used generically to refer to any movable member of the surgical system. In various instances, the displacement member may be coupled to any position sensor suitable for measuring linear displacement. Linear displacement sensors may include contact or non-contact displacement sensors. Linear displacement sensors may comprise linear variable differential transformers (LVDT), differential variable reluctance transducers (DVRT), a slide potentiometer, a magnetic sensing system comprising a movable magnet and a series of linearly arranged Hall Effect sensors, a magnetic sensing system comprising a fixed magnet and a series of movable linearly arranged Hall Effect sensors, an optical sensing system comprising a movable light source and a series of linearly arranged photo diodes or photo detectors, or an optical sensing system comprising a fixed light source and a series of movable linearly arranged photo diodes or photo detectors, or any combination thereof.

The position sensors 1880, 1890, 6180′, 6280′, 6380′, 7190″, and/or 6290′″, for example, may comprise any number of magnetic sensing elements, such as, for example, magnetic sensors classified according to whether they measure the total magnetic field or the vector components of the magnetic field. The techniques used to produce both types of magnetic sensors encompass many aspects of physics and electronics. The technologies used for magnetic field sensing include search coil, fluxgate, optically pumped, nuclear precession, SQUID, Hall-Effect, anisotropic magnetoresistance, giant magnetoresistance, magnetic tunnel junctions, giant magnetoimpedance, magnetostrictive/piezoelectric composites, magnetodiode, magnetotransistor, fiber optic, magnetooptic, and microelectromechanical systems-based magnetic sensors, among others.

In various instances, one or more of the position sensors of the tracking system 1860 comprise a magnetic rotary absolute positioning system. Such position sensors may be implemented as an AS5055EQFT single-chip magnetic rotary position sensor available from Austria Microsystems, AG and can be interfaced with the controller 1840 to provide an absolute positioning system. In certain instances, a position sensor comprises a low-voltage and low-power component and includes four Hall-Effect elements in an area of the position sensor that is located adjacent a magnet. A high resolution ADC and a smart power management controller are also provided on the chip. A CORDIC processor (for Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer), also known as the digit-by-digit method and Volder's algorithm, is provided to implement a simple and efficient algorithm to calculate hyperbolic and trigonometric functions that require only addition, subtraction, bitshift, and table lookup operations. The angle position, alarm bits, and magnetic field information are transmitted over a standard serial communication interface such as an SPI interface to the controller 1840. The position sensors can provide 12 or 14 bits of resolution, for example. The position sensors can be an AS5055 chip provided in a small QFN 16-pin 4×4×0.85 mm package, for example.

The tracking system 1860 may comprise and/or be programmed to implement a feedback controller, such as a PID, state feedback, and adaptive controller. A power source converts the signal from the feedback controller into a physical input to the system, in this case voltage. Other examples include pulse width modulation (PWM) and/or frequency modulation (FM) of the voltage, current, and force. Other sensor(s) may be provided to measure physical parameters of the physical system in addition to position. In various instances, the other sensor(s) can include sensor arrangements such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,345,481, entitled STAPLE CARTRIDGE TISSUE THICKNESS SENSOR SYSTEM, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0263552, entitled STAPLE CARTRIDGE TISSUE THICKNESS SENSOR SYSTEM, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/628,175, entitled TECHNIQUES FOR ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF MOTOR VELOCITY OF A SURGICAL STAPLING AND CUTTING INSTRUMENT, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In a digital signal processing system, absolute positioning system is coupled to a digital data acquisition system where the output of the absolute positioning system will have finite resolution and sampling frequency. The absolute positioning system may comprise a compare and combine circuit to combine a computed response with a measured response using algorithms such as weighted average and theoretical control loop that drives the computed response towards the measured response. The computed response of the physical system takes into account properties like mass, inertial, viscous friction, inductance resistance, etc., to predict what the states and outputs of the physical system will be by knowing the input.

The absolute positioning system provides an absolute position of the displacement member upon power up of the instrument without retracting or advancing the displacement member to a reset (zero or home) position as may be required with conventional rotary encoders that merely count the number of steps forwards or backwards that the motor 1610 has taken to infer the position of a device actuator, drive bar, knife, and the like.

A sensor 1880 comprising a strain gauge or a micro-strain gauge, for example, is configured to measure one or more parameters of the end effector, such as, for example, the strain experienced by the jaws 7110 and 7120 during a clamping operation. The measured strain is converted to a digital signal and provided to the processor 1820. In addition to or in lieu of the sensor 1880, a sensor 1890 comprising a load sensor, for example, can measure the closure force applied by the closure drive system to the jaws 7110 and 7120. In various instances, a current sensor 1870 can be employed to measure the current drawn by the motor 1610. The force required to clamp the jaw assembly 7100 can correspond to the current drawn by the motor 1610, for example. The measured force is converted to a digital signal and provided to the processor 1820. A magnetic field sensor can be employed to measure the thickness of the captured tissue. The measurement of the magnetic field sensor can also be converted to a digital signal and provided to the processor 1820.

The measurements of the tissue compression, the tissue thickness, and/or the force required to close the end effector on the tissue as measured by the sensors can be used by the controller 1840 to characterize the position and/or speed of the movable member being tracked. In at least one instance, a memory 1830 may store a technique, an equation, and/or a look-up table which can be employed by the controller 1840 in the assessment. In various instances, the controller 1840 can provide the user of the surgical instrument with a choice as to the manner in which the surgical instrument should be operated. To this end, the display 1440 can display a variety of operating conditions of the instrument and can include touch screen functionality for data input. Moreover, information displayed on the display 1440 may be overlaid with images acquired via the imaging modules of one or more endoscopes and/or one or more additional surgical instruments used during the surgical procedure.

As discussed above, the drive module 1100 of the handle 1000 and/or the shaft assemblies 2000, 3000, 4000, and/or 5000, for example, attachable thereto comprise control systems. Each of the control systems can comprise a circuit board having one or more processors and/or memory devices. Among other things, the control systems are configured to store sensor data, for example. They are also configured to store data which identifies the shaft assembly to the handle 1000. Moreover, they are also configured to store data including whether or not the shaft assembly has been previously used and/or how many times the shaft assembly has been used. This information can be obtained by the handle 1000 to assess whether or not the shaft assembly is suitable for use and/or has been used less than a predetermined number of times, for example.

A drive module 1100′ in accordance with at least one alternative embodiment is illustrated in FIGS. 51-53 . The drive module 1100′ is similar to the drive module 1100 in many respects, most of which will not be discussed herein for the sake of brevity. The drive module 1100′ comprises an actuator 1420′ configured to control the rotation and articulation of the end effector 7000. Similar to the actuator 1420, discussed above, the actuator 1420′ is rotatable about a longitudinal axis LA that extends through a shaft assembly attached to the drive module 1100. For instance, the longitudinal axis LA extends through the center, or substantially the center, of the elongate shaft 2200 of the shaft assembly 3000 (FIG. 1 ) when the shaft assembly 3000 is assembled to the drive module 1100′. The longitudinal axis LA also extends through the center, or substantially the center, of the end effector 7000 when the end effector 7000 is attached to the shaft assembly 3000, for example.

The actuator 1420′ is rotatable within a channel 1190′ defined in the housing 1110 in a first direction to rotate the end effector 7000 in the first direction and, similarly, in a second, or opposite, direction to rotate the end effector 7000 in the second direction. Similar to the drive module 1100, the drive module 1100′ comprises a sensor system in communication with the control system 1800 configured to detect the rotation of the actuator 1420′ about the longitudinal axis LA. In at least one instance, the sensor system comprises a first sensor 1422′ configured to detect the rotation of the actuator 1420′ about the longitudinal axis LA in the first direction (FIG. 52A) and a second sensor 1424′ configured to detect the rotation of the actuator 1420′ about the longitudinal axis LA in the second direction (FIG. 52B). The first and second sensors 1422′ and 1424′ comprise Hall Effect sensors, for example, but could comprise any suitable type of sensor. In at least one such instance, further to the above, the actuator 1420′ comprises a center magnetic element 1426′ positioned in the top of the actuator 1420′ which is detectable by the first and second sensors 1422′ and 1424′ to determine the rotation of the actuator 1420′. The center magnetic element 1426′ can comprise a permanent magnet and/or can be comprised of iron and/or nickel, for example.

Further to the above, the control system 1800 is configured to control the motor assembly 1600 and the clutch system 6000 to rotate the end effector 7000 about the longitudinal axis LA in the first direction when the actuator 1420′ is rotated about the longitudinal axis LA in the first direction. Similarly, the control system 1800 is configured to control the motor assembly 1600 and the clutch system 6000 to rotate the end effector 7000 about the longitudinal axis LA in the second direction when the actuator 1420′ is rotated about the longitudinal axis LA in the second direction. By associating the rotation of the end effector 7000 about the longitudinal axis LA with the rotation of the actuator 1420′ about the longitudinal axis LA, the clinician is provided with a system that is very intuitive to use.

As discussed above, the end effector 7000 is configured to rotate about a longitudinal axis within a socket defined in the distal attachment portion 2400 of the shaft assembly 2000. Depending on the amount of rotation desired, the end effector 7000 can be rotated less than 360 degrees or more than 360 degrees in either direction. In various instances, the end effector 7000 can be rotated through several rotations in either direction. In alternative embodiments, the rotation of the end effector 7000 about the longitudinal axis can be limited. In at least one embodiment, the shaft assembly 2000 comprises one or more stops which limit the rotation of the end effector 7000 to less than one rotation. In certain embodiments, the control system 1800 monitors the rotation of the drive shaft 1710, such as by an encoder and/or an absolute positioning sensor system, for example, and limits the rotation of the end effector 7000 by stopping or pausing the motor 1610 when the end effector 7000 has reached the end of its permitted range. In at least one instance, the control system 1800 can disengage the second clutch 6210 from the drive shaft 2730 to stop or pause the rotation of the end effector 7000 when the end effector 7000 has reached the end of its permitted range.

Further to the above, the drive module 1100′ and/or a shaft module attached to the drive module 1100′ can provide feedback to the clinician that the end effector 7000 has reached the end of its rotation. The drive module 1100′ and/or the shaft module attached thereto can comprise an indicator light 1427′, such as a red LED, for example, on a first side of the module housing 1110′ which is illuminated by the control system 1800 when the end effector 7000 has reached the end of its permitted rotation in the first direction, as illustrated in FIG. 52A. In at least one instance, the drive module 1100′ and/or the shaft module attached thereto can comprise an indicator light 1429′, such as a red LED, for example, on a second side of the module housing 1110′ which is illuminated by the control system 1800 when the end effector 7000 has reached the end of its permitted rotation in the second direction, as illustrated in FIG. 52B. In various instances, further to the above, the illumination of either the first light 1427′ or the second light 1429′ can indicate to the clinician that the motor 1610 has been paused and that the end effector 7000 is no longer rotating. In at least one instance, the first light 1427′ and/or the second light 1429′ can blink when the motor 1610 is paused.

In addition to or in lieu of the above, the drive module 1100′ and/or the shaft assembly attached thereto can comprise an annular series, or array, of indicator lights 1428′ extending around the perimeter thereof which is in communication with the control system 1800 and can indicate the rotational orientation of the end effector 7000. In at least one instance, the control system 1800 is configured to illuminate the particular indicator light which corresponds, or at least substantially corresponds, with the position in which the top of the end effector 7000 is oriented. In at least one instance, the center of the first jaw 7110 can be deemed the top of the end effector 7000, for example. In such instances, the illuminated light indicates the top-dead-center position of the end effector 7000. In other instances, the control system 1800 can illuminate the particular indicator light which corresponds, or at least substantially corresponds, with the position in which the bottom, or bottom-dead-center, of the end effector 7000 is oriented. In at least one instance, the center of the second jaw 7210 can be deemed the bottom of the end effector 7000, for example. As a result of the above, the illuminated indicator light can follow the rotation of the end effector 7000 around the array of indicator lights 1428′.

Further to the above, the actuator 1420′ is also rotatable, or tiltable, about a transverse axis TA within the housing channel 1190′. The sensor system of the drive module 1100′ is further configured to detect the rotation of the actuator 1420′ about the transverse axis TA in a first tilt direction and a second tilt direction. In at least one instance, the sensor system comprises a first tilt sensor 1423′ configured to detect the rotation of the actuator 1420′ about the longitudinal axis TA in the first tilt direction (FIG. 53A) and a second tilt sensor 1425′ configured to detect the rotation of the actuator 1420′ in the second tilt direction (FIG. 53B). The first and second tilt sensors 1423′ and 1425′ comprise Hall Effect sensors, for example, but could comprise any suitable type of sensor. The actuator 1420′ further comprises a first lateral magnetic element adjacent the first tilt sensor 1423′, the motion of which is detectable by the first tilt sensor 1423′. The actuator 1420′ also comprises a second lateral magnetic element adjacent the second tilt sensor 1425′, the motion of which is detectable by the second tilt sensor 1425′. The first and second lateral magnetic elements can comprise a permanent magnet and/or can be comprised of iron and/or nickel, for example. As illustrated in FIGS. 53A and 53B, the lateral sides of the actuator 1420′ are movable proximally and distally about the transverse axis TA and, as a result, the first and second lateral magnetic elements are also movable proximally and distally relative to the first and second tilt sensors. The reader should appreciate that, while the first and second lateral magnetic elements actually travel along arcuate paths about the transverse axis TA, the distances in which the first and second lateral magnetic elements move is small and, as a result, the arcuate motion of the first and second lateral magnetic elements approximates translation in the proximal and distal directions.

In various embodiments, further to the above, the entire actuator 1420′ comprises a magnetic ring of material which is detectable by the tilt sensors 1423′ and 1425′ of the drive module 1100′. In such embodiments, the rotation of the actuator 1420′ about the longitudinal axis LA would not create a compound motion relative to the tilt sensors when the actuator 1420′ is tilted. The magnetic ring of material can comprise a permanent magnet and/or can be comprised of iron and/or nickel, for example.

In any event, when the sensor system detects that the actuator 1420′ has been tilted in the first direction, as illustrated in FIG. 53A, the control system 1800 operates the motor assembly 1600 and the clutch system 6000 to articulate the end effector 7000 about the articulation joint 2300 in the first direction. Similarly, the control system 1800 operates the motor assembly 1600 and the clutch system 6000 to articulate the end effector 7000 about the articulation joint 2300 in the second direction when the sensor system detects that the actuator 1420′ has been tilted in the second direction, as illustrated in FIG. 53B. By associating the rotation of the end effector 7000 about the articulation joint 2300 with the rotation of the actuator 1420′ about the transverse axis TA, the clinician is provided with a system that is very intuitive to use.

Further to the above, the actuator 1420′ comprises a biasing system configured to center the actuator 1420′ in its unrotated and untilted position. In various instances, the biasing system comprises first and second rotation springs configured to center the actuator 1420′ in its unrotated position and first and second tilt springs configured to center the actuator 1420′ in its untilted position. These springs can comprise torsion springs and/or linear displacement springs, for example.

As discussed above, the end effector 7000 rotates relative to the distal attachment portion 2400 of the shaft assembly 3000. Such an arrangement allows the end effector 7000 to be rotated without having to rotate the shaft assembly 3000, although embodiments are possible in which an end effector and shaft assembly rotate together. That said, by rotating the end effector 7000 relative to the shaft assembly 3000, all of the rotation of the surgical system occurs distally relative to the articulation joint 2300. Such an arrangement prevents a large sweep of the end effector 7000 when the end effector 7000 is articulated and then rotated. Moreover, the articulation joint 2300 does not rotate with the end effector 7000 and, as a result, the articulation axis of the articulation joint 2300 is unaffected by the rotation of the end effector 7000. In order to mimic this arrangement, the transverse axis TA does not rotate with the actuator 1420′; rather, the transverse axis TA remains stationary with respect to the drive module 1100′. That said, in alternative embodiments, the transverse axis TA can rotate, or track the end effector 7000, when the articulation joint rotates with the end effector. Such an arrangement can maintain an intuitive relationship between the motion of the actuator 1420′ and the motion of the end effector 7000.

Further to the above, the transverse axis TA is orthogonal, or at least substantially orthogonal, to the longitudinal axis LA. Similarly, the articulation axis of the articulation joint 2300 is orthogonal, or at least substantially orthogonal, to the longitudinal axis LA. As a result, the transverse axis TA is parallel to, or at least substantially parallel to, the articulation axis.

In various alternative embodiments, the tiltable actuator 1420′ is only used to control the articulation of the end effector 7000 and is not rotatable about the longitudinal axis LA. Rather, in such embodiments, the actuator 1420′ is only rotatable about the transverse axis TA. In at least one instance, the housing of the drive module 1100′ comprises two posts 1421′ (FIG. 51 ) about which the actuator 1120′ is rotatably mounted which defines the transverse axis TA. The posts 1421′ are aligned along a common axis. The above being said, the posts 1421′, or any suitable structure, can be used in embodiments in which the actuator 1420′ is both rotatable and tiltable to control the rotation and articulation of the end effector 7000. In at least one such instance, the actuator 1420′ comprises an annular groove defined therein in which the posts 1421′ are positioned.

In various instances, the drive module 1100 and/or the shaft assembly attached thereto can comprise a series, or array, of indicator lights 1438′ which is in communication with the control system 1800 and can indicate the articulation orientation of the end effector 7000. In at least one instance, the control system 1800 is configured to illuminate the particular indicator light which corresponds, or at least substantially corresponds, with the position in which the end effector 7000 is articulated. As a result of the above, the illuminated indicator light can follow the articulation of the end effector 7000. Such an array of indicator lights can assist a clinician in straightening the end effector 7000 before attempting to remove the end effector 7000 from a patient through a trocar. In various instances, an unstraightened end effector may not pass through a trocar and prevent the removable of the end effector from the patient.

A drive module 1100″ in accordance with at least one alternative embodiment is illustrated in FIGS. 54-57 . The drive module 1100″ is similar to the drive modules 1100 and 1100′ in many respects, most of which will not be discussed herein for the sake of brevity. The drive module 1100″ comprises a feedback system configured to inform the clinician using the surgical instrument system that the drive shaft and/or any other rotatable component of the surgical instrument system is rotating. The feedback system can use visual feedback, audio feedback, and/or tactile feedback, for example. Referring primarily to FIG. 55 , the drive module 1100″ comprises a tactile feedback system which is operably engageable with the drive shaft 1710″ of the drive module 1100″. The tactile feedback system comprises a slideable clutch 1730″, a rotatable drive ring 1750″, and an eccentric, or offset, mass 1770″ mounted to the drive ring 1750″. The clutch 1730″ is slideable between an unactuated position (FIG. 56 ) and an actuated position (FIG. 57 ) along the drive shaft 1710″. The drive shaft 1710″ comprises one or more slots 1740″ defined therein which are configured to constrain the movement of the slideable clutch 1730″ relative to the drive shaft 1710″ such that the clutch 1730″ translates longitudinally relative to the drive shaft 1710″ but also rotates with the drive shaft 1710″. The frame shaft 1510″ of the handle frame 1500″ comprises an electromagnet 1530″ embedded therein which is configured to emit a first electromagnetic field to slide the clutch 1730″ toward its actuated position, as illustrated in FIG. 57 , and a second, or opposite, electromagnetic field to slide the clutch 1730″ toward its unactuated position, as illustrated in FIG. 56 . The clutch 1730″ is comprised of a permanent magnet and/or a magnetic material such as iron and/or nickel, for example. The electromagnet 1530″ is controlled by the control system 1800 to apply a first voltage polarity to a circuit including the electromagnet 1530″ to create the first electromagnetic field and a second, or opposite, voltage polarity to the circuit to create the second electromagnetic field.

When the clutch 1730″ is in its unactuated position, as illustrated in FIG. 56 , the clutch 1730″ is not operably engaged with the drive ring 1750″. In such instances, the clutch 1730″ rotates with the drive shaft 1710″, but rotates relative to the drive ring 1750″. Stated another way, the drive ring 1750″ is stationary when the clutch 1730″ is in its unactuated position. When the clutch 1730″ is in its actuated position, as illustrated in FIG. 57 , the clutch 1730″ is operably engaged with an angled face 1760″ of the drive ring 1750″ such that the rotation of the drive shaft 1710″ is transmitted to the drive ring 1750″ via the clutch 1730″ when the drive shaft 1710″ is rotated. The eccentric, or offset, mass 1770″ is mounted to the drive ring 1750″ such that the eccentric mass 1770″ rotates with the drive ring 1750″. In at least one instance, the eccentric mass 1770″ is integrally-formed with the drive ring 1750″. When the drive ring 1750″ and eccentric mass 1770″ rotate with the drive shaft 1710″, the eccentric mass 1770″ creates a vibration that can be felt by the clinician through the drive module 1100″ and/or the power modules assembled thereto. This vibration confirms to the clinician that the drive shaft 1710″ is rotating. In at least one instance, the control system 1800 energizes the electromagnet 1530″ when one of the clutches of the clutch system 6000 is energized. In such instances, the vibration can confirm to the clinician that the drive shaft 1710″ is rotating and that one of the clutches in the clutch system 6000 is engaged with the drive shaft 1710″. In at least one instance, the clutch 1730″ can be actuated when the jaw assembly 7100, for example, has reached or is reaching its closed position such that the clinician knows that the tissue has been clamped within the jaw assembly 7100 and that the surgical instrument can be used to manipulate the tissue. The above being said, the tactile feedback system, and/or any other feedback system, of the drive module 1100″ can be used to provide tactile feedback when appropriate.

As surgical techniques continue to advance and develop, there is a need for specialized surgical instruments. With the advent of 3-D printing and additive manufacturing, new methods and techniques have been developed to produce specialized surgical instruments. Customized surgical instruments can allow a technician or surgeon to produce and use surgical instruments that are customized to a patient's physiological conditions or for a specific surgical procedure.

Out of an abundance of caution, many surgical instruments have become one-use devices to prevent the spread of contamination or diseases between patients. As surgical devices are becoming single patient and single-use devices, customizing the devices for the specific patient can allow for better results and faster recovery time for patients. As recovery time for patients is a substantial cost to the healthcare system, having customized surgical devices that allow surgeons to specifically target and resolve a patient's ailment can greatly reduce the overall healthcare spend.

Surgical instruments, such as surgical dissectors have been in widespread use in various surgical procedures. These instruments allow a surgeon to manipulate, separate, and remove specific areas of tissue of a patient. Having the ability to develop custom dissectors for specific surgical procedures and for a patient's physiological conditions can be of great value.

As different surgical procedures and patient conditions require different surgical instruments, the present disclosure relates to customized surgical devices, methods of producing customized devices, and means for producing customized surgical devices using various techniques, such as additive manufacturing and/or 3-D printing, for example.

In developing customized surgical devices, a surgeon can determine the specifics of the required device based upon the specific procedure, the general size of the patient, i.e., a child vs. an adult, or through scans and/or x-rays of the patient to determine the specific profile required for the surgical instrument.

When a surgeon is customizing a surgical instrument for a specific procedure, they may consult a directory of predefined surgical instrument shapes and configurations to determine which device may best suit the procedure at hand. Such procedures for the production of ultrasonic blades are discussed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2018/0014844 A1 to Conlon, titled ULTRASONIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH AS HOC FORMED BLADE, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Once the surgeon determines the desired device characteristics, the surgeon may take a base device, such as a end effector connector having a core or stub and use an additive manufacturing process to produce the selected end effector configuration. In addition, or in the alternative, a surgeon may use the size of a patient to determine the required size of the surgical instrument. The surgeon may use various physiological standards, such as the size of the patients hand, tibia, abdomen, or other physiological marker that can provide an adequate representation of the desired size of the surgical instrument. In addition, or in the alternative, the surgeon may conduct scans or x-rays of the patient to determine the specific size, shape, and characteristic of the surgical device needed to perform a desired procedure.

FIG. 58 illustrates a surgical end effector 100000 having a standard connection portion 100050 and a customizable end effector portion 100060. The standard connection portion 100050 includes a first jaw portion 100006 and a second jaw portion 100008. The first jaw portion 100006 and the second jaw portion 100008 are rotatable about a joint 100004. The standard connection portion 100050 of the surgical end effector 100000 can be connected to a shaft of a surgical instrument. The shaft of the surgical instrument can have a diameter D. The customizable end effector portion 100060 can be customized within the customization region 100002, such that the diameter of the customization region 100002 is equal to or less than the diameter D of the shaft of the surgical instrument. With the customizable end effector portion 100060 being confined to the bounds of the customization region 100002, the surgical end effector 100000 can be inserted through a trocar into a patient's body cavity through minimally invasive surgical procedures.

The first jaw portion 100006 of the end effector portion 100060 includes a core/stub portion 100010 that is adaptable through additive manufacturing techniques. The core/stub portion 100010 provides a base for building and customizing the geometry and characteristics of a customizable jaw 100012. Depending on various needs for the surgical procedure, the customizable jaw 100012 can be modified and adapted to meet the needs of the surgeon.

In certain embodiments, the surgical end effector 100000 can comprise a solid customizable region 100002. The solid customizable region 100002 can be made of various materials such as various metals and/or plastics, for example. When the surgeon determines the configuration required for the surgical procedure, the surgeon can use a manufacturing technique to remove the excess material to leave the desired shape of the customizable jaw 100012. In the alternative, the surgeon may start with a surgical end effector 100000 that does not have a core/stub portion 100100 and, instead, only has a standard connector portion 100050. With just the standard connector portion 100050, the surgeon can use a manufacturing process to create the desired shape and features of the customized jaw 100012 within the bounds of the customization region 100002.

In another embodiment, a surgical instrument may have a surgical end effector 100100, as illustrated in FIG. 59 . The surgical end effector 100100 has a standard connection portion 100150 and a customizable end effector portion 100160. The standard connection portion 100150 includes a first jaw portion 100106 and a second jaw portion 100108. The first jaw portion 100106 and the second jaw portion 100108 are rotatable about a joint 100104. The standard connection portion 100150 of the surgical end effector 100100 can be connected to a shaft of a surgical instrument. The shaft of the surgical instrument can have a diameter D. The customizable end effector portion 100160 can be customized within the customization region 100102 such that the diameter of the customization region 100102 is equal to or less than the diameter D of the shaft of the surgical instrument. With the customizable end effector portion 100160 being confined to the bounds of the customization region 100102, the surgical end effector 100100 can be inserted through a trocar into a patient's body cavity through minimally invasive surgical procedures.

The first jaw portion 100106 of the end effector portion 100160 includes a core/stub portion 100110 that is adaptable through additive manufacturing techniques. The core/stub portion 100110 provides a base for building and customizing the geometry and characteristics of a first customizable jaw 100112 and a second customizable jaw 100114. Depending on various needs for the surgical procedure, the first customizable jaw 100112 and the second customizable jaw 100114 can be modified and adapted to meet the needs of the surgeon. The first customizable jaw 100112 and the second customizable jaw 100114 have a plurality of proximal features 100118 and a plurality of distal features 100116. As illustrated in FIG. 59 , the plurality of proximal features 100118 comprises a plurality of proximal teeth. The plurality of distal features 100116 comprises a plurality of distal teeth. The proximal teeth are smaller and have a smaller height than the distal teeth. The progression of larger distal teeth to smaller proximal teeth can allow for a more aggressive hold and manipulation of tissue when using the distal portion of the first and second customizable jaws 100112, 100114. In various embodiments, however, the plurality of proximal and distal teeth may take various configurations based upon the needs of the surgical procedure, such as for example, a plurality of symmetrical teeth, a plurality of asymmetrical teeth, and/or a progression from large to small or small to large teeth.

In certain embodiments, the surgical end effector 100100 comprises a solid customized region 100102. The solid customizable region 100002 can be made of various materials such as various metals and/or plastics, for example. When the surgeon determines the configuration of the end effector 100100 required for the surgical procedure, the surgeon can use a manufacturing technique, such as grinding, wire EDMing, and/or polishing, for example, to remove the excess material to leave the desired shape of the customizable jaw 101012. In the alternative, the surgeon may start with a surgical end effector 100100 that only has a standard connector portion 100150. With just the standard connector portion 100150, the surgeon can use a manufacturing process to create the desired shape and features of the customized jaw 100112 within the bounds of the customization region 100102.

FIG. 60 illustrates a surgical end effector 100200 that is configured to be modified and adjusted using various manufacturing techniques at the discretion of a surgeon. The surgical end effector 100200 includes a standard connection portion 100250 and a customizable end effector portion 100260. The standard connection portion 100250 includes a first jaw portion 100206 and a second jaw portion 100208.

The customizable end effector portion 100260 can be customized within the customization region 100202, such that the diameter of the customization region 100202 is equal to or less than the diameter D of the shaft of the surgical instrument. With the customizable end effector portion 100260 being confined to the bounds of the customization region 100202, the surgical end effector 100200 can be inserted through a trocar into a patient's body cavity during minimally invasive surgical procedures.

The surgical end effector 100200 is illustrated as having various different customized jaw configurations 100212 a-e. The various customized jaw configurations 100212 a-e can be selected by a surgeon or clinician depending upon the type of procedure and a patient's physiological condition. The various customized jaw configurations 100212 a-e can include different shape profiles, different diameters, different geometries, and can be comprised of various materials. In one embodiment, the various customized jaw configurations 100212 a-e can be comprised of various plastics having different durometers and deformation characteristics. In another embodiment, the various customized jaw configurations 100212 a-e can comprise metallic materials and materials having a greater rigidity. In addition, or in the alternative, the various customized jaw configurations 100212 a-e can also comprise a combination of metallic and plastic materials to provide a desired characteristic to the surgical end effector 100200.

In certain embodiments, the various customized jaw configurations 100212 a-e can have a metallic core with plastic and/or metal overlaid upon the core. The various materials used in the various customized jaw configurations 100212 a-e can create end effectors meeting the needs of the surgeon, procedure, and/or patient.

FIG. 61 illustrates a surgical end effector 100300 that is configured to be modified and adjusted using various manufacturing techniques at the discretion of a surgeon. The surgical end effector 100300 includes a standard connection portion 100350 and a customizable end effector portion 100360. The standard connection portion 100350 includes a first jaw portion 100306 and a second jaw portion 100308. The first jaw portion 100306 and the second jaw portion 100308 are rotatable about a joint 100304.

The customizable end effector portion 100360 can be customized within the customization region 100302, such that, the diameter of the customization region 100302 is equal to or less than the diameter D of the shaft of the surgical instrument. With the customizable end effector portion 100360 being confined to the bounds of the customization region 100302, the surgical end effector 100300 can be inserted through a trocar into a patient's body cavity through minimally invasive surgical procedures.

The first jaw portion 100306 of the end effector portion 100360 includes a core/stub portion 100310 that is adaptable through additive manufacturing techniques. The core/stub portion 100310 provides a base for building and customizing the geometry and characteristics of a first customizable jaw 100312 and a second customizable jaw 100314. Depending on various needs for the surgical procedure, the first customizable jaw 100312 and the second customizable jaw 100314 can be modified and adapted to meet the needs of the surgeon. The first customizable jaw 100312 and the second customizable jaw 100314 have a plurality of proximal features 100318 and a plurality of distal features 100316. As illustrated in FIG. 61 , the plurality of proximal features 100318 comprises a plurality of proximal teeth. The plurality of distal features 100316 comprises a plurality of distal teeth. The plurality of proximal teeth is approximately the same height as the plurality of distal teeth. However, in various embodiments the plurality of proximal and distal teeth may take various configurations based upon the needs of the surgical procedure, for example a plurality of symmetrical teeth, a plurality of asymmetrical teeth, and/or a progression from large to small or small to large teeth. In the alternative, the surgical end effector 100300 can include a plurality of miniature, or fine, teeth 100320. The various features 100316, 100318 and miniature teeth 100320 can extend along the first customizable jaw 100312 and the second customizable jaw 100314 in various lengths, can have smooth profiles, and/or can have sharper profiles depending on the desired configuration of the surgical end effector 100300.

FIG. 61 illustrates various different customized jaw configurations 100322 a-c. In a first embodiment, the customized jaw configuration 100322 a can comprise a curved end effector region. In a second alternative embodiment, the customized jaw configuration 100322 b can comprise a protruding outer profile that can allow the surgical end effector 100300 to function as a dissector and divide tissue when the first jaw portion 100306 and the second jaw portion 100308 are rotated about a joint 100304 between an open configuration and a closed configuration. In a third alternative embodiment, the customized jaw configuration 100322 c can comprise a longitudinal linear body. Other embodiments and configurations of the surgical end effector 100300 are also possible. One constraint on the configuration of the customizable end effector portion 100360 is that it should be confined to the bounds of the customization region 100302 so that the surgical end effector 100300 can be inserted through a trocar into a patient's body cavity through minimally invasive surgical procedures. In embodiments where the surgical end effector 100300 is being used in open surgical procedures, the customizable end effector portion 100360 can exceed the bounds of the customization region 100302. Also, embodiments are envisioned where a portion of the end effector is collapsible to permit laparoscopic end effectors to fit through a trocar. In such embodiments, the bounds of the customizable region can be larger than the diameter D of the shaft.

FIGS. 62 and 63 illustrate a surgical end effector 100400. The surgical end effector 100400 is configured to be modified and adjusted using various manufacturing techniques at the discretion of a surgeon. The surgical end effector 100400 includes a standard connection portion 100450 and a customizable end effector portion 100460. The standard connection portion 100450 includes a first jaw portion 100406 and a second jaw portion 100408. The first jaw portion 100406 and the second jaw portion 100408 are rotatable about a joint 100404.

The customizable end effector portion 100460 can be customized within the customization region 100402, such that the diameter of the customization region 100402 is equal to or less than the diameter D of the shaft of the surgical instrument. With the customizable end effector portion 100460 being confined to the bounds of the customization region 100402, the surgical end effector 100400 can be inserted through a trocar into a patient's body cavity through minimally invasive surgical procedures.

The first jaw portion 100406 of the end effector portion 100460 includes a core/stub portion 100410 that is adaptable through additive manufacturing techniques. The core/stub portion 100410 provides a base for building and customizing the geometry and characteristics of a first customizable jaw 100412 and a second customizable jaw 100414. Depending on various needs for the surgical procedure, the first customizable jaw 100412 and the second customizable jaw 100414 can be modified and adapted to meet the needs of the surgeon. The first customizable jaw 100412 and the second customizable jaw 100414 have a plurality of proximal features 100418 and a plurality of distal features 100416. As illustrated in FIG. 63 , the plurality of proximal features 100418 comprises a plurality of proximal teeth. The plurality of distal features 100416 comprises a plurality of distal teeth. The plurality of proximal teeth is approximately the same height as the plurality of distal teeth. However, in various embodiments, the plurality of proximal and distal teeth may take various configurations based upon the needs of the surgical procedure such as, for example, a plurality of symmetrical teeth, a plurality of asymmetrical teeth, and/or a progression from large to small or small to large teeth.

In addition, the first customizable jaw 100412 and the second customizable jaw 100414 have a plurality of features 100430 and 100432, respectively, that are positioned on the outer portion of the first and second customizable jaws 100412, 100414. As illustrated in FIG. 63 , the features 100430, 100432 can include ridges, or teeth, that allow the surgical end effector 100400 to engage, grasp, and/or manipulate tissue.

When selecting the configuration and various features for the surgical end effector 100400, the external features 100430, 100432, the proximal features 100418, the distal features 100416, the overall geometric shape of the first and second customizable jaws 100412, 100414, and the materials used in producing the customizable end effector portion 100460 are independent variables that are considered during the customization process. For example, when the surgical end effector 100400 is being customized for a minimally invasive surgical procedure, the various independent variables must result in an overall profile that falls within the customization region 100402 so that the surgical end effector 100400 can be inserted through a trocar and into a patient's body cavity.

FIGS. 64-67 illustrate surgical end effectors having various features and profiles. FIG. 64 illustrates a surgical end effector 100500 that is configured to be modified and adjusted using various manufacturing techniques at the discretion of a surgeon. The surgical end effector 100500 includes a standard connection portion 100550 and a customizable end effector portion 100560. The standard connection portion 100550 can include a first jaw portion 100506 and a second jaw portion 100508. The first jaw portion 100506 and the second jaw portion 100508 are rotatable about a joint 100504.

The customizable end effector portion 100560 can be customized within a customization region 100502, such that the diameter of the customization region 100502 is equal to or less than the diameter D of the shaft of the surgical instrument. With the customizable end effector portion 100560 being confined to the bounds of the customization region 100502, the surgical end effector 100500 can be inserted through a trocar into a patient's body cavity through minimally invasive surgical procedures.

The customizable end effector portion 100560 can be produced through various additive manufacturing techniques to produce custom geometry and characteristics of a first customizable jaw 100512 and a second customizable jaw 100514. Depending on various needs for the surgical procedure, the first customizable jaw 100512 and the second customizable jaw 100514 can be modified and adapted to meet the needs of the surgeon. The first customizable jaw 100512 and the second customizable jaw 100514 have a plurality of proximal features 100518 and a plurality of distal features 100516. As illustrated in FIG. 64 , the plurality of proximal features 100518 comprises a plurality of small symmetrical proximal teeth. The plurality of distal features 100516 comprises a plurality of small symmetrical distal teeth. The plurality of proximal teeth is approximately the same height as the plurality of distal teeth and are continuous along the inner surfaces of the first customizable jaw 100512 and the second customizable jaw 100514. In addition, the first customizable jaw 100512 and the second customizable jaw 100514 comprise external surface features 100530, 100532, respectively. As illustrated in FIG. 64 , the external surface features 100530, 100532 comprise substantially smooth surfaces. However, in alternative embodiments, the external surface features 100530, 100532 may comprise teeth, nubs and/or other protrusions to assist with the tissue interaction of the surgical end effector 100500.

FIG. 65 illustrates surgical end effector 100600 that is configured to be modified and adjusted using various manufacturing techniques at the discretion of a surgeon. The surgical end effector 100600 includes a standard connection portion 100650 and a customizable end effector portion 100660. The standard connection portion 100650 can include a first jaw portion 100606 and a second jaw portion 100608. The first jaw portion 100606 and the second jaw portion 100608 are rotatable about a joint 100604.

The customizable end effector portion 100660 can be customized within a customization region 100602, such that the diameter of the customization region 100602 is equal to or less than the diameter D of the shaft of the surgical instrument. With the customizable end effector portion 100660 being confined to the bounds of the customization region 100602, the surgical end effector 100600 can be inserted through a trocar into a patient's body cavity through minimally invasive surgical procedures.

The customizable end effector portion 100660 can be produced through various additive manufacturing techniques to produce custom geometry and characteristics of a first customizable jaw 100612 and a second customizable jaw 100614. Depending on various needs for the surgical procedure, the first customizable jaw 100612 and the second customizable jaw 100614 can be modified and adapted to meet the needs of the surgeon. The first customizable jaw 100612 and the second customizable jaw 100614 have a plurality of proximal features 100618 and a plurality of distal features 100616. As illustrated in FIG. 65 , the plurality of proximal features 100618 comprises a substantially smooth surface. The plurality of distal features 100616 comprises a plurality of large distal teeth. The plurality of large distal teeth is only formed on a portion of the inner surfaces of the first customizable jaw 100612 and the second customizable jaw 100614. In addition, the first customizable jaw 100612 and the second customizable jaw 100614 comprise external surface features 100630, 100632, respectively. As illustrated in FIG. 65 , the external surface features 100630, 100632 comprise substantially smooth surfaces. However, in alternative embodiments, the external surface features 100630, 100632 may comprise teeth, nubs, and/or other protrusions to assist with the tissue interaction of the surgical end effector 100600.

FIG. 66 illustrates a surgical end effector 100700 that is configured to be modified and adjusted using various manufacturing techniques at the discretion of a surgeon. The surgical end effector 100700 includes a standard connection portion 100750 and a customizable end effector portion 100760. The standard connection portion 100750 includes a first jaw portion 100706 and a second jaw portion 100708. The first jaw portion 100706 and the second jaw portion 100708 are rotatable about a joint 100704.

The customizable end effector portion 100760 can be customized within a customization region 100702. The diameter of the customization region 100702 is equal to or less than the diameter D of the shaft of the surgical instrument. With the customizable end effector portion 100760 being confined to the bounds of the customization region 100702, the surgical end effector 100700 can be inserted through a trocar into a patient's body cavity through minimally invasive surgical procedures.

The customizable end effector portion 100760 can be produced through various additive manufacturing techniques to produce custom geometry and characteristics of a first customizable jaw 100712 and a second customizable jaw 100714. Depending on various requirements for the surgical procedure, the first customizable jaw 100712 and the second customizable jaw 100714 can be modified and adapted to meet the needs of the surgeon. The first customizable jaw 100712 and the second customizable jaw 100714 have a plurality of proximal features 100718 and a plurality of distal features 100716. As illustrated in FIG. 66 , the plurality of proximal features 100718 comprises a substantially smooth surface. The plurality of distal features 100716 comprises a plurality of smooth distal teeth. The plurality of smooth distal teeth is only formed on a portion of the inner surfaces of the first customizable jaw 100712 and the second customizable jaw 100714. In addition, the first customizable jaw 100712 and the second customizable jaw 100714 comprise external surface features 100730, 100732, respectively. As illustrated in FIG. 66 , the external surface features 100730, 100732 comprise substantially smooth surfaces. However, in alternative embodiments, the external surface features 100730, 100732 may comprise teeth, nubs, and/or other protrusions to assist with the tissue interaction of the surgical end effector 100700.

FIG. 67 illustrates a surgical end effector 100800 that is configured to be modified and adjusted using various manufacturing techniques at the discretion of a surgeon. The surgical end effector 100800 includes a standard connection portion 100850 and a customizable end effector portion 100860. The standard connection portion 100850 can include a first jaw portion 100806 and a second jaw portion 100808. The first jaw portion 100806 and the second jaw portion 100808 are rotatable about a joint 100804.

The customizable end effector portion 100860 can be customized within a customization region 100802, such that the diameter of the customization region 100802 is equal to or less than the diameter D of the shaft of the surgical instrument. With the customizable end effector portion 100860 being confined to the bounds of the customization region 100802, the surgical end effector 100800 can be inserted through a trocar into a patient's body cavity through minimally invasive surgical procedures.

The customizable end effector portion 100860 can be produced through various additive manufacturing techniques to produce custom geometry and characteristics of a first customizable jaw 100812 and a second customizable jaw 100814. Depending on various requirements for the surgical procedure, the first customizable jaw 100812 and the second customizable jaw 100814 can be modified and adapted to meet the needs of the surgeon. The first customizable jaw 100812 and the second customizable jaw 100814 have a plurality of proximal features 100818 and a plurality of distal features 100816. As illustrated in FIG. 67 , the plurality of proximal features 100818 comprises a substantially smooth surface. The plurality of distal features 100816 comprises a substantially smooth surface of low durometer material. The low durometer material allows the inner surfaces of the first customizable jaw 100812 and the second customizable jaw 100814 to grasp and manipulate an object, such as a patient's tissue.

The substantially smooth surface of low durometer material is only formed on a portion of the inner surfaces of the first customizable jaw 100812 and the second customizable jaw 100814. The substantially smooth surface can refer to a surface, for example, that is substantially free from projections or unevenness, generally flat or unruffled, and/or substantially of uniform consistency. In addition, the first customizable jaw 100812 and the second customizable jaw 100814 comprise external surface features 100830, 100832, respectively. As illustrated in FIG. 67 , the external surface features 100830, 100832 comprise substantially smooth surfaces. However, in alternative embodiments, the external surface features 100830, 100832 may comprise teeth, nubs, and/or other protrusions to assist with the tissue interaction of the surgical end effector 100800.

FIGS. 68 and 69 illustrate another embodiment of a surgical end effector 100900. The surgical end effector 100900 is configured to be modified and adjusted using various manufacturing techniques at the discretion of a surgeon. The surgical end effector 100900 includes a standard connection portion 100950 and a customizable end effector portion 100960. The standard connection portion 100950 can include a first jaw portion 100906 and a second jaw portion 100908. The first jaw portion 100906 and the second jaw portion 100908 are rotatable about a joint 100904.

The customizable end effector portion 100960 can be customized within the customization region 100902. The diameter of the customization region 100902 is equal to or less than the diameter D of the shaft of the surgical instrument. With the customizable end effector portion 100960 being confined to the bounds of the customization region 100902, the surgical end effector 100900 can be inserted through a trocar into a patient's body cavity through minimally invasive surgical procedures.

The surgical end effector 100900 includes a core/stub portion 100910 that is adaptable through additive manufacturing techniques. The core/stub portion 100910 provides a base for building and customizing the geometry and characteristics of a first customizable jaw 100912 and a second customizable jaw 100914. Depending on various needs for the surgical procedure, the first customizable jaw 100912 and the second customizable jaw 100914 can be modified and adapted to meet the needs of the surgeon. The first customizable jaw 100912 and the second customizable jaw 100914 have a plurality of proximal features 100918 and a plurality of distal features 100916. As illustrated in FIG. 69 , the plurality of proximal features 100918 comprises a plurality of proximal teeth. The plurality of distal features 100916 comprises a plurality of distal teeth. The plurality of proximal teeth is approximately the same height as the plurality of distal teeth. However, in various embodiments the plurality of proximal and distal teeth may take various configurations based upon the needs of the surgical procedure, for example a plurality of symmetrical teeth, a plurality of asymmetrical teeth, and/or a progression from large to small or small to large teeth.

In addition, the first customizable jaw 100912 and the second customizable jaw 100914 have a plurality of features 100930 and 100932, respectively that are positioned on the outer portion of the first and second customizable jaws 100912, 100914. As illustrated in FIG. 69 , the features 100930, 100932 can include ridges, and/or substantially smooth surfaces that allow the surgical end effector 100900 to engage, grasp, and/or manipulate an object, for example a patient's tissue.

FIG. 68 depicts a top plan view of the surgical end effector 100900. FIG. 69 depicts a side elevation view of the surgical end effector 100900. The overall geometric shape of the surgical end effector 100900 is a curved configuration. From the depictions of the surgical end effector 100900 in FIGS. 68 and 69 , it will be apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art that the overall profile of the surgical end effector 100900 has a three dimensional curved geometry.

When selecting the configuration and various features for the surgical end effector 100900, the external features 100930, 100932, the proximal features 100918, the distal features 100916, the overall geometric shape of the first and second customizable jaws 100912, 100914, and the materials used in producing the customizable end effector portion 100960 are independent variables that are considered during the customization process. For example, when the surgical end effector 100900 is being customized for a minimally invasive surgical procedure, the various independent variables must produce an overall profile of the surgical instrument that falls within the customization region 100902 so that the surgical end effector 100900 can be inserted through a trocar and into a patient's body cavity.

FIGS. 70 and 71 illustrate another embodiment of a surgical end effector 101000. The surgical end effector 101000 is configured to be modified and adjusted using various manufacturing techniques at the discretion of a surgeon. The surgical end effector 101000 includes a standard connection portion 101050 and a customizable end effector portion 101060. The standard connection portion 101050 can include a first jaw portion 101006 and a second jaw portion 101008. The first jaw portion 101006 and the second jaw portion 101008 are rotatable about a joint 101004.

The customizable end effector portion 101060 can be customized within the customization region 101002. The diameter of the customization region 101002 is equal to or less than the diameter D of the shaft of the surgical instrument. With the customizable end effector portion 101060 being confined to the bounds of the customization region 101002, the surgical end effector 101000 can be inserted through a trocar into a patient's body cavity through minimally invasive surgical procedures.

The surgical end effector 101000 includes a core/stub portion 101010 that is adaptable through additive manufacturing techniques. The core/stub portion 101010 provides a base for building and customizing the geometry and characteristics of a first customizable jaw 101012 and a second customizable jaw 101014. Depending on various needs for the surgical procedure, the first customizable jaw 101012 and the second customizable jaw 101014 can be modified and adapted to meet the needs of the surgeon. The first customizable jaw 101012 and the second customizable jaw 101014 have a plurality of proximal features 101018 and a plurality of distal features 101016. As illustrated in FIG. 71 , the plurality of proximal features 101018 comprises a plurality of proximal teeth. The plurality of distal features 101016 comprises a plurality of distal teeth. The plurality of proximal teeth is approximately the same height as the plurality of distal teeth. However, in various embodiments the plurality of proximal and distal teeth may take various configurations based upon the needs of the surgical procedure such as, for example, a plurality of symmetrical teeth, a plurality of asymmetrical teeth, and/or a progression from large to small or small to large teeth.

In addition, the first customizable jaw 101012 and the second customizable jaw 101014 have a plurality of features 101030 a-d and 101032 a-d, respectively that are positioned on the outer portion of the first and second customizable jaws 101012, 101014. As illustrated in FIG. 71 , the features 101030 a and 101032 a comprise distal concave features. The features 101030 a and 101032 a can have a low durometer surface that is sticky to the touch and can be used to manipulate an object, such as tissue. In at least one instance, the low-durometer features 101030 a and 101032 a have a durometer between about 15 and about 70 Shore 00, for example. In certain instances, the low-durometer features 101030 a and 101032 a have a durometer between about 15 and about 70 Shore A, for example. The features 101030 b and 101032 b comprise convex protruding features. The features 101030 b and 101032 b can have a low durometer surface that is sticky to the touch and can be used to manipulate an object, such as tissue. In at least one instance, the low-durometer features 101030 b and 101032 b have a durometer between about 15 and about 70 Shore 00, for example. In certain instances, the low-durometer features 101030 b and 101032 b have a durometer between about 15 and about 70 Shore A, for example. The features 101030 c and 101032 c comprise concave features. The features 101030 c and 101032 c can have a low durometer surface that is sticky to the touch and can be used to manipulate an object, such as tissue. The features 101030 d and 101032 d comprise a substantially smooth surface. The features 101030 d and 101032 d can have a low durometer surface that is sticky to the touch and can be used to manipulate an object, such as tissue.

In addition, or in the alternative, various additional configurations for the features 101030 a-d and 101032 a-d are possible. The feature 101030 a-d and 101032 a-d can include ridges, and/or substantially smooth surfaces that allow the surgical end effector 101000 to engage, grasp, and/or manipulate an object, for example a patient's tissue.

FIG. 70 depicts a top plan view of the surgical end effector 101000. FIG. 71 depicts a side elevation view of the surgical end effector 101000. The overall geometric shape of the surgical end effector 101000 is a substantially linear configuration.

When selecting the configuration and various features for the surgical end effector 101000, the external features 101030 a-d, 101032 a-d, the proximal features 101018, the distal features 101016, the overall geometric shape of the first and second customizable jaws 101012, 101014, and the materials used in producing the customizable end effector portion 101060 are independent variables that are considered during the customization process. For example, when the surgical end effector 101000 is being customized for a minimally invasive surgical procedure, the various independent variables must produce an overall profile that falls within the customization region 101002 so that the surgical end effector 101000 can be inserted through a trocar and into a patient's body cavity.

The various end effectors described above with respect to FIGS. 58-71 can be produced through a multi-step process where a first portion of the end effector, such as, a standard connection portion, for example, is produced in a manufacturing facility and shipped to hospitals or distributed to manufacturing hubs. Once the standard connection portion is at its end location, such as a hospital, or at a manufacturing facility, the standard connection portion can be customized to produce an end effector meeting the needs of the user. Such customization can allow surgical end effectors to be produced for specific procedures and/or specific patients.

The customized end effectors described above with respect to FIGS. 58-71 can be produced through various techniques. A clinician can access, for example, a dedicated human-machine interface to select and design the desired attributes of an end effector. The human-machine interface can comprise, for example, a graphical user interface of a computer. The computer can be connected to a manufacturing device. The computer-manufacturing device interface can be wired, wireless, and/or remote, for example, via the internet. When the clinician accesses the human-machine interface, they can select the various attributes desired of the end effector.

When selecting the various attributes of the end effector, the clinician can use information gained from the patient or information about the particular procedure to guide their design of the end effector. When the clinician is using information regarding a particular patient, for example, the patient's information can come from various patient tests, such as MRIs, X-rays, CT Scans, and/or other medical tests. These testing results can be entered into the computer and used to control the design parameters of the end effector. When the clinician uses the results of an MRI, for example, to detect a patient's tumor, the size and shape of the patient's tumor can be used as design parameters when producing the customized end effector.

In addition, or in the alternative, the clinician can use parameters from the particular surgical procedure to design the customized end effector. When the end effector is being designed for various bariatric procedures, for example, the requirements of the specific procedure, such as the size of a gastric bypass reduction, can be used as the design parameters when producing the customized end effector.

In selecting the various features for the end effector, the clinician can use various software programs to design the desired features of the end effector. The clinician, for example, can input the patient's scans and/or medical test information into the computer and a software program can determine the design features of the end effector to match the patient's condition. Once the software program approximates the necessary features of the end effector, the clinician can review and/or modify the parameters of the end effector using the human-machine interface.

In addition, or in the alternative, the clinician can access a software program using the human-machine interface to design the features of the end effector. The clinician, for example, can access the software program and select various predetermined shapes, features, and/or designs to combine to produce an end effector having the desired features. The clinician may also use a free-form command in the software to freely design the desired features of the end effector.

Once the features of the customized end effector are determined, the clinician and/or manufacturing staff can insert a core/stub portion into a manufacturing device. The manufacturing device is in communication with the human-machine interface of the computer via a wired, wireless, and/or remote internet connection. The clinician, using the software program, can send the design parameters to the manufacturing device to produce the end effector.

The manufacturing device can be designed to use various manufacturing processes or techniques. The manufacturing device, for example, can be a metal injection molding device, a plastic injection molding device, a CNC machine, an EDM device, a 3-D printing device, and/or various other manufacturing devices, such as additive manufacturing devices.

After the design parameters are transferred from the computer to the manufacturing device, the software controlling the manufacturing device causes the manufacturing device to perform a manufacturing procedure to produce the customized end effector. The manufacture procedure can add material to the core/stub portion of the end effector. In the alternative, the manufacturing procedure can remove material from the core/stub portion of the end effector. The manufacturing device can use one or more of the techniques described above in the production of the customized end effector. Once the manufacturing device has completed the overall design and structure of the customized end effector, the customized end effector can be finished or polished using a finishing machine and/or process. The finishing machine may be part of the manufacturing device, or it can be a separate machine/device.

Once the structure of the customized end effector is completed, the customized end effector can be tested, cleaned, and/or sterilized. The testing process can ensure that the customized end effector is designed to the necessary standards for the particular medical device. The cleaning process can remove any excess residual material leftover from the manufacturing process. The sterilization process can sterilize the end effector so that it can be used in a surgical procedure. After the customized end effector is sterilized, it can be packaged for storing until it is needed in a surgical procedure or can be used directly by a clinician in a surgical procedure.

A method for producing a customized end effector comprises preparing an end effector connection portion for customization. The end effector connection portion comprises a proximal connector configured to attach to a distal end of a surgical instrument. The proximal connector comprises an actuator. Once a standard connection portion is prepared, the user determines through interaction with a patient a first desired characteristic of the surgical end effector and a second desired characteristic of the end effector. Once the characteristics of the end effector are determined, a first jaw member is created on the standard connection portion having the first desired characteristic. Next, a second jaw member is created on the standard connection portion having the second desired characteristic. The first and second jaw members can be created through an additive manufacturing process, such as 3-D printing.

Surgical instruments can comprise devices that use mechanical energy to perform surgical procedures. Certain end effectors, such as grasping forceps can be used to grasp a target, such as the tissue of a patient, for example. Other end effectors, such as dissectors, for example, can be used to separate and/or tear the tissue using mechanical forces. Other types of end effectors, such as electrosurgical end effectors, for example, can use electrosurgical energy to deliver energy to the tissue of a patient and destroy and/or remove targeted tissue. These types of surgical instruments have been used independently of one another.

Surgical dissectors, such as the dissectors disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0198248, entitled SURGICAL DISSECTOR, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, for example, use mechanical forces and mechanical features on the jaws of the dissector, such as teeth, for example, to manipulate a patient's tissue. The teeth can be used to stretch and/or tear a patient's tissue. Depending on the type and/or amount of tissue that a mechanical dissector encounters, the mechanical dissector can apply various amounts of mechanical force to the tissue.

Surgical dissectors comprise a pair of jaws that are rotatable between open and closed positions. Each jaw can comprise a plurality of features, such as teeth or ridges that can engage a patient's tissue on inner and/or outer surfaces of the jaw, for example. The features, such as teeth, on the inner surfaces of a pair of surgical dissector jaws can be used to gasp and/or manipulate tissue when the jaws are closed upon a portion of the patient's tissue. In addition, or in the alternative, when a pair of surgical dissector jaws comprise teeth and/or ridges on outer surfaces thereof, such teeth can increase the traction and interaction between the jaws and the patient's tissue when the jaws are moved into an open position, for example. As the pair of surgical dissector jaws are opened, the teeth on the outer surfaces of the jaws can grip, stretch, and/or tear the tissue.

Electrosurgical devices for applying electrical energy to tissue in order to treat and/or destroy the tissue are finding increasingly widespread applications in surgical procedures. An electrosurgical device typically includes a handpiece and an instrument having a distally-mounted end effector (e.g., one or more electrodes). The end effector can be positioned against the tissue such that electrical current is introduced into the tissue. Electrosurgical devices can be configured for bipolar and/or monopolar operation. During bipolar operation, current is introduced into and returned from the tissue by active and return electrodes, respectively, of the end effector. During monopolar operation, current is introduced into the tissue by an active electrode of the end effector and returned through a return electrode (e.g., a grounding pad) separately located on a patient's body. Heat generated by the current flowing through the tissue may form hemostatic seals within the tissue and/or between tissues and thus may be particularly useful for sealing blood vessels, for example. In some instances, the voltage and current used ablates the tissue. The end effector of an electrosurgical device also may include a cutting member that is movable relative to the tissue and the electrodes to transect the tissue.

Electrical energy applied by an electrosurgical device can be transmitted to the instrument by a generator in communication with the handpiece. The electrical energy may be in the form of radio frequency (RF) energy that may be in a frequency range described in EN 60601-2-2:2009+A11:2011, Definition 201.3.218—HIGH FREQUENCY, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference. In certain instances, the frequencies in monopolar RF applications are typically restricted to less than 5 MHz, for example. However, in bipolar RF applications, the frequency can be any suitable frequency. Frequencies above 200 kHz can be typically used for monopolar applications in order to avoid the unwanted stimulation of nerves and muscles which would result from the use of low frequency current, for instance. Lower frequencies may be used for bipolar techniques if the risk analysis shows the possibility of neuromuscular stimulation has been mitigated to an acceptable level. Normally, frequencies above 5 MHz are not used in order to minimize the problems associated with high frequency leakage currents. However, higher frequencies may be used in the case of bipolar techniques. In many instances, a minimum of 10 mA is needed to create thermal effects within the tissue.

In application, an electrosurgical device can transmit low frequency RF energy through tissue, which causes ionic agitation, or friction—in effect resistive heating—thereby increasing the temperature of the affected tissue. Because a sharp boundary is created between the affected tissue and the surrounding tissue, a surgeon can operate with a high level of precision and control without sacrificing un-targeted adjacent tissue. The low operating temperatures of RF energy is useful for removing, shrinking, and/or sculpting soft tissue while simultaneously sealing blood vessels. RF energy works particularly well on connective tissue, which is primarily comprised of collagen and shrinks when contacted by heat.

Other electrical surgical instruments include, without limitation, irreversible and/or reversible electroporation, and/or microwave technologies, among others. The techniques disclosed herein are applicable to ultrasonic, bipolar or monopolar RF (electrosurgical), irreversible and/or reversible electroporation, and/or microwave-based surgical instruments, among others. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0086914 A1, to Wiener, et al., titled TECHNIQUES FOR OPERATING GENERATOR FOR DIGITALLY GENERATING ELECTRICAL SIGNAL WAVEFORMS AND SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS provides examples of electrosurgical instruments and electrosurgical generators that can be used with the instruments described herein, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIGS. 72-79 illustrate surgical instruments that comprise the mechanical features of surgical dissectors and the electrosurgical features of electrosurgical devices. The combination of surgical dissector and electrosurgical instrument can allow the surgical instruments illustrated in FIGS. 72-79 to perform various surgical procedures. In addition, the combination of the mechanical and electrosurgical features may allow a surgeon to perform a surgical procedure without having to switch between different surgical instruments. As discussed in greater detail below with respect to FIG. 80 , the combination of a mechanical dissector and an electrosurgical instrument can provide synergistic effects and improve the overall efficiencies and abilities of surgical end effectors.

The embodiments disclosed in FIGS. 72-79 illustrate various end effector jaws comprising mechanical dissector features and electrosurgical device features. These end effector jaws can be used with surgical instruments to deliver mechanical as well as electrical energy to a patient's tissue. The surgical instruments can comprise proximal and distal end effector portions. The proximal portion may include a user interface, such as a handle portion and/or a connector that can connect the surgical instrument to a robotic system, for example. The distal portion of the surgical instruments can comprise a surgical end effector. The surgical end effector can comprise a pair of jaws that are rotatable between open and closed positions. The embodiments disclosed in FIGS. 72-79 illustrate an end effector jaw that can be used in a pair of jaws of a surgical end effector.

FIGS. 72-75 illustrate a surgical end effector jaw 101100 comprising a frame 101102, a metallic core 101130, and a covering 101126. The end effector jaw 101100 comprises an inner surface 101118 and an outer surface 101108. When the end effector jaw 101100 is used in a pair of jaws of a surgical instrument, the inner surfaces 101118 of the end effector jaws 101100 are positioned adjacent one another. The outer surfaces, 101108 of the end effector jaw 101100 are positioned on opposite sides of the end effector jaw 101100.

The frame 101102 of the surgical end effector jaw 101100 comprises a socket 101104. When the end effector jaw 101100 is used in a pair of jaws of a surgical instrument, the sockets 101104 of the two end effector jaws 101100 are aligned and a pin can be inserted through the sockets 101104. The pair of end effector jaws 101100 can be rotated about the pin between open and closed positions. The surgical instrument can also comprise an actuator that can move the end effector jaws 101100 between open and closed positions.

The surgical end effector jaw 101100 comprises a proximal portion 101106 and a distal portion 101110. The overall geometry of the end effector jaw 101100 is curved between the proximal portion 101106 and the distal portion 101110. In addition, the end effector jaw 101100 is tapered from the wider proximal portion 101106 to the narrower distal portion 101110. The tapered profile of the end effector jaw 101100 can permit a surgeon to target a specific location within a patient.

In addition, or in the alternative, the surgical end effector jaw 101100 can comprise other geometries, such as a symmetrical geometry and/or and a tapered geometry with a larger distal portion 101110 and a narrower proximal portion 101106, for example. When the surgical end effector jaw 101100 comprises a symmetrical profile, the surgical end effector jaw 101100 can grasp a patient's tissue evenly over the entire end effector jaw 101100. When the surgical end effector jaw 101100 comprises a tapered geometry with a larger distal portion 101110 and a narrower proximal portion 101106, the larger distal portion 101110 can allow the surgical end effector 101100 to grasp a larger portion of the patient's tissue.

The proximal portion 101106 of the outer surface 101108 comprises a substantially smooth surface. The substantially smooth surface can refer to a surface, for example, that is substantially free from projections or unevenness, generally flat or unruffled, and/or substantially of uniform consistency. The distal portion 101110 of the outer surface 101108 comprises a plurality of features. The plurality of features comprises central features 101120, peripheral features 101122, and lateral features 101132, and/or any other suitable features.

The central features 101120, peripheral features 101122, and lateral features 101132 comprise ridges, or teeth, but could comprise any suitable configuration. The central features 101120, peripheral features 101122, and lateral features 101132 can be comprised of various materials. The central, peripheral, and/or lateral features 101120, 101122, 101132 can be comprised of a first material and the outer surface 101108 of the end effector jaw 101100 can be comprised of a second material. The first material can have a greater elasticity than the second material. The second material can have a greater rigidity than the first material. With a less rigid and more elastic material, the central, peripheral, and/or lateral features 101120, 101122, 101132 can deform against a target, such as a patient's tissue, and increase the traction and interaction between the surgical end effector jaw 101100 and the target object.

The plurality of central features 101120 can be substantially perpendicular to the chord of the arc of the jaw 101108. The plurality of central features 101120 are raised above the outer surface of the jaw 101108. In addition, the central features 101120 can be overlaid or overmolded with the lateral features 101132 that can be positioned along the jaw 101108. The lateral features 101132 can be comprised of a different material having a different rigidity and elasticity. For instance, the lateral features 101132 can be more elastic and/or have greater compliance than the central features 101120 which can allow the lateral features 101132 to have a greater ability to interact with a target, such as a patient's tissue. The plurality of central features 101120 can have a slight concavity with respect to the proximal portion 101106 of the end effector jaw 101100, for example. The plurality of peripheral features 101122 can include a convex shape with respect to the proximal portion 101106 of the end effector jaw 101100, for example. The convex-concave-convex pattern of the peripheral-central-peripheral feature combination can allow for greater interaction with a target, such as a patient's tissue.

Where the central features 101120 are aligned substantially perpendicular to the chord of the arc on the surgical end effector jaw 101100, the central features 101120 can facilitate a desired interaction with a patient's tissue. This configuration may allow the surgical end effector jaw 101100 to be drawn through the tissue plane and create a parting action of the tissue. Furthermore, where the patterns of the central features 101120 at the tip of the surgical instrument are aligned with the chord of the arc of the surgical end effector jaw 101100, this pattern facilitates the lateral movement of the surgical end effector jaw 101100 to create a tissue parting action.

The central, peripheral, and lateral features 101120, 101122, 101132 of the end effector jaw 101100 can include symmetrical or asymmetrical patterns that extend along the end effector jaw 101100. The patterns of the central, peripheral, and/or lateral features 101120, 101122, 101132 can be continuous or interlocking and become more interrupted and staggered as they extend towards the proximal portion 101106 and/or distal portion 101110 of the end effector jaw 101100. The various configurations of the central, peripheral, and lateral features 101120, 101122, 101132 can result in posts or standing pillars that can enhance the interaction of these features with the target object, such as a patient's tissue.

The central, peripheral, and lateral features 101120, 101122, 101132 can comprise overmolded plastic and/or polymers. The central, peripheral, and lateral features 101120, 101122, 101132 can comprise various polymers or plastics having different densities and/or properties. A first layer of plastic may be overmolded onto portions of the metallic core 101130 of the end effector jaw 101100. The first layer of plastic can have a first density, rigidity, and elasticity. A second layer of plastic may be overmolded onto portions of the first layer of overmolded plastic and/or onto portions of the metallic core 101130. The second layer of plastic can have a second density, rigidity, and elasticity. The first density, rigidity, and/or elasticity can be the same or different than the second density, rigidity and/or elasticity.

Various sections of the covering 101126 can comprise overmolded plastic and/or polymers. The various sections of the covering 101126 can comprise various polymers or plastics having different densities and/or properties. A first layer of plastics may be overmolded onto portions of the metallic core 101130 of the end effector jaw 101100. The first layer of plastic can have a first density, rigidity, and elasticity. A second layer of plastic may be overmolded onto portions of the first layer of overmolded plastic and/or onto portions of the metallic core 101130. The second layer of plastic can have a second density, rigidity, and elasticity. The first density, rigidity, and/or elasticity can be the same or different than the second density, rigidity and/or elasticity.

In one embodiment, the first layer can comprise a rigid layer that can provide a structural support or backbone to the end effector jaw 101100 along with the metallic core 101130. The second layer can comprise a more elastic and/or less rigid layer. The second layer can be more deformable to create a tissue interaction outer surface that allows for grasping and securing the tissue. The first layer that is more rigid can have a sharper profile and edges that can maintain its shape and actively shear tissue while the outer softer layer acts more like a bumper to prevent cutting tissue before the surgical end effector jaw 101100 is engaged with the desired location or section of tissue.

The inner surface 101118 of the end effector jaw 101100 comprises a plurality of teeth 101116 that extend between the proximal portion 101106 and the distal portion 101110 of the end effector jaw 101100. The plurality of teeth 101116 extend across the width of the inner surface 101118 and follow the tapered profile of the end effector jaw 101100. The central portion of the plurality of teeth 101116 comprises an exposed section of the metallic core 101130. The exposed section of the metallic core 101130 extends substantially uniformly down the central portion of the plurality of teeth 10116 between the proximal portion 101106 and the distal portion 101110. In the alternative, the metallic core 101130 can extend to the inner surface 101118 of the end effector jaw 101100, for example, in an asymmetrical pattern. The different exposed patterns of the metallic core 101130 can allow the end effector jaw 101100 to transmit electrosurgical energy to a patient's tissue in different ways, as described in greater detail below.

When a patient's tissue comes in contact with the metallic core 101130, a surgeon can apply electrosurgical energy to the targeted tissue through the metallic core 101130. The electrosurgical energy can cause ablation and/or cauterization of the targeted tissue.

The distal most portion of the inner surface 101118 comprises a distal bumper portion 101124 and a distal tip 101128. The distal bumper portion 101124 comprises an elastic and/or deformable material that can allow the end effector jaw 101100 to interact with a target object with less irritation to the object. The distal tip 101128 comprises the metallic core 101130 and is configured to deliver electrosurgical energy to a target object, such as a patient's tissue. The distal bumper portion 101124 being constructed of a more elastic and less rigid material can allow the user of the surgical end effector jaw 101100 to be more aggressive without increasing the irritation of the target object, such as a patient's tissue.

In addition, or in the alternative, the various polymers and/or plastics that comprise the surgical end effector jaw 101100 may comprise hydrophobic plastic or materials. The hydrophobic materials can repel liquid, such as body fluids and/or water to keep the dissection features free to dissect. In addition, by repelling fluids, the hydrophobic material may allow a user greater visibility of the interaction portions of the device when using the device in a minimally invasive procedure. The hydrophobic materials may also allow for a consistent dissection surface during the use of the surgical instrument by repelling and keeping away the fluids from the interaction site.

FIGS. 76-78 illustrate a surgical end effector jaw 101200 comprising a frame 101202, a metallic core 101230, and a covering 101226. The end effector jaw 101200 comprises an inner surface 101218 and an outer surface 101208. When the end effector jaw 101200 is used in a pair of jaws of a surgical instrument, the inner surfaces 101218 of the end effector jaws 101200 are positioned adjacent one another. The outer surfaces 101208 of the end effector jaw 101200 are positioned on opposite sides of the end effector jaw 101200.

The frame 101202 of the surgical end effector jaw 101200 comprises a socket 101204. When the end effector jaw 101200 is used in a pair of jaws of a surgical instrument, the sockets 101204 of the two end effector jaws 101200 are aligned and a pin can be inserted through the sockets 101204. The pair of end effector jaws 101200 can be rotated about the pin between open and closed positions. The surgical instrument can also comprise an actuator that can move the end effector jaws 101200 between open and closed positions.

The surgical end effector jaw 101200 comprises a proximal portion 101206 and a distal portion 101210. The overall geometry of the end effector jaw 101200 is curved between the proximal portion 101206 and the distal portion 101210. In addition, the end effector jaw 101200 is tapered from the wider proximal portion 101206 to the narrower distal portion 101210. The tapered profile of the end effector jaw 101200 can permit a surgeon to target a specific location within a patient.

In addition, or in the alternative, the surgical end effector jaw 101200 can comprise other geometries, such as a symmetrical geometry and/or and a tapered geometry with a larger distal portion 101210 and a narrower proximal portion 101206, for example. When the surgical end effector jaw 101200 comprises a symmetrical profile, the surgical end effector jaw 101200 can grasp a patient's tissue evenly over the entire end effector jaw 101200. When the surgical end effector jaw 101200 comprises a tapered geometry with a larger distal portion 101210 and a narrower proximal portion 101206, the larger distal portion 101210 can allow the surgical end effector 101200 to grasp a larger portion of the patient's tissue.

The proximal portion 101206 of the outer surface 101208 comprises a substantially smooth surface. The substantially smooth surface can refer to a surface, for example, that is substantially free from projections or unevenness, generally flat or unruffled, and/or substantially of uniform consistency. The distal portion 101210 of the outer surface 101208 comprises a plurality of features. The plurality of features comprises central features 101220, peripheral features 101222, and lateral features 101232, and/or any other suitable features.

The central features 101220, peripheral features 101222, and lateral features 101232 comprise recesses or through holes, but could comprise any suitable configuration. The recesses or through holes expose the metallic core 101230 to the outer surface 101208 and patient tissue. The central features 101220, peripheral features 101122, and lateral features 101232 can comprise different diameters and/or depths, or the same diameters and/or depths. The central features 101220, peripheral features 101122, and lateral features 101232 can also comprise different patterns and/or orientations along the outer surface 101208 of the surgical end effector jaw 101200.

The central features 101220, peripheral features 101222, and lateral features 101232 allow a patient's tissue to come in contact with the metallic core 101230 of the surgical end effector jaw 101200. When a pair of end effector jaws 101200 is used to stretch out tissue, the mechanical forces used to stretch out the tissue can cause the tissue to flow into the central features 101220, peripheral features 101222, and/or lateral features 101232. Once the tissue is in contact with the metallic core 101230 within the central features 101220, peripheral features 101222, and/or lateral features 101232, a clinician can apply electrosurgical energy to the tissue. The combination of mechanical force and electrosurgical energy can allow for ablation of the tissue without tearing the tissue. In addition, or in the alternative, the electrosurgical energy can allow the end effector jaws 101200 to cauterize the tissue as the tissue is spread and/or torn. The combination of electrosurgical energy and mechanical forces can allow a surgeon to perform a surgical procedure with using less mechanical force as the effects of the electrosurgical energy and mechanical force are cumulative.

In various instances, less mechanical force, for example, is required to dissect tissue when more electrosurgical energy is applied. Correspondingly, more mechanical force is required to dissect tissue when less electrosurgical energy is applied. That said, the ratio of mechanical force to electrosurgical energy can be held constant throughout the opening stroke of the dissector jaws. In other instances, the ratio of mechanical force to electrosurgical energy can change throughout the opening stroke of the dissector jaws. In at lease one instance, the electrosurgical energy can increase as the dissector jaws are opened. Such an arrangement can apply the electrosurgical energy when tissue tearing and/or bleeding is most likely to occur. In other instances, the electrosurgical energy can decrease as the dissector jaws are opened. Such an arrangement can create or start an initial otomy that then is stretched open by the mechanical force.

The inner surface 101218 of the end effector jaw 101200 comprises a plurality of teeth 101216 that extend between the proximal portion 101206 and the distal portion 101210 of the end effector jaw 101200. The plurality of teeth 101216 extend across the width of the inner surface 101218 and follow the tapered profile of the end effector jaw 101200. The central portion of the plurality of teeth 101216 comprises an exposed section of the metallic core 101230. The exposed section of the metallic core 101230 extends substantially uniformly down the central portion of the plurality of teeth 10126 between the proximal portion 101206 and the distal portion 101210. In the alternative, the metallic core 101230 can extend to the inner surface 101218 of the end effector jaw 101200, for example, in an asymmetrical pattern. The different exposed patterns of the metallic core 101230 can allow the end effector jaw 101200 to transmit electrosurgical energy to a patient's tissue in different ways, as described in greater detail below.

When a patient's tissue comes in contact with the metallic core 101230, a surgeon can apply electrosurgical energy to the targeted tissue through the metallic core 101230. The electrosurgical energy can cause ablation and/or cauterization of the targeted tissue.

The distal most portion of the inner surface 101218 comprises a distal bumper portion 101224 and a distal tip 101228. The distal bumper portion 101224 comprises an elastic and/or deformable material that can allow the end effector jaw 101200 to interact with a target object with less irritation to the object. The distal tip 101228 comprises the metallic core 101230 and is configured to deliver electrosurgical energy to a target object, such as a patient's tissue. The distal bumper portion 101224 being constructed of a more elastic and less rigid material can allow the user of the surgical end effector jaw 101200 to be more aggressive without increasing the irritation of the target object, such as a patient's tissue.

Various sections of the covering 101226 can comprise overmolded plastic and/or polymers. The various sections of the covering 101226 can comprise various polymers or plastics having different densities and/or properties. A first layer of plastics may be overmolded onto portions of the metallic core 101230 of the end effector jaw 101200. The first layer of plastic can have a first density, rigidity, and elasticity. A second layer of plastic may be overmolded onto portions of the first layer of overmolded plastic and/or onto portions of the metallic core 101230. The second layer of plastic can have a second density, rigidity, and elasticity. The first density, rigidity, and/or elasticity can be the same or different than the second density, rigidity and/or elasticity.

In addition, or in the alternative, the various polymers and/or plastics that comprise the surgical end effector jaw 101200 may comprise hydrophobic plastic or materials. The hydrophobic materials can repel liquid, such as body fluids and/or water to keep the dissection features free to dissect. In addition, by repelling fluids, the hydrophobic material may allow a user greater visibility of the interaction portions of the device when using the device in a minimally invasive procedure. The hydrophobic materials may also allow for a consistent dissection surface during the use of the surgical instrument by repelling and keeping away the fluids from the interaction site.

FIG. 79 illustrates an embodiment similar to the end effector 101300, discussed above. The end effector 101300 includes a central distal feature 101336 and lateral distal features 101334 that are positioned on the distal nose of the end effector jaw 101300. The central distal feature 101336 and lateral distal features 101334 comprise recesses or through holes. The recesses or through holes expose the metallic core 101330 to the outer surface 101308. The central distal feature 101336 and lateral distal features 101334 can comprise different diameters and/or depths, or the same diameters and/or depths. The central distal feature 101336 and lateral distal features 101334 can also comprise different patterns and/or orientations along the outer surface 101308 of the surgical end effector jaw 101300.

The central distal feature 101336 and lateral distal features 101334 allow a patient's tissue to come in contact with the metallic core 101330 of the surgical end effector jaw 101300. When a surgeon pushes tissue with the nose of the surgical end effector jaw 101300, the mechanical forces used to push the jaw 101300 into the tissue to stretch out the tissue can cause the tissue to flow into the central distal feature 101336 and lateral distal features 101334. Once the tissue is in contact with the metallic core 101330 within the central distal feature 101336 and/or lateral distal features 101334, electrosurgical energy can be transmitted to the tissue. The combination of mechanical force and electrosurgical energy can allow for ablation of the tissue without tearing the tissue. In addition, or in the alternative, the electrosurgical energy can allow the end effector jaws 101300 to cauterize the tissue as the tissue is spread and/or torn. The combination of electrosurgical energy and mechanical forces can allow a surgeon to perform a surgical procedure with using less mechanical force as the effects of the electrosurgical energy and mechanical force are cumulative.

In various instances, less mechanical force, for example, is required to dissect tissue when more electrosurgical energy is applied. Correspondingly, more mechanical force is required to dissect tissue when less electrosurgical energy is applied. That said, the ratio of mechanical force to electrosurgical energy can be held constant throughout the opening stroke of the dissector jaws. In other instances, the ratio of mechanical force to electrosurgical energy can change throughout the opening stroke of the dissector jaws. In at lease one instance, the electrosurgical energy can increase as the dissector jaws are opened. Such an arrangement can apply the electrosurgical energy when tissue tearing and/or bleeding is most likely to occur. In other instances, the electrosurgical energy can decrease as the dissector jaws are opened. Such an arrangement can create or start an initial otomy that then is stretched open by the mechanical force.

The surgical end effector jaws may also have overmolded plastic bodies having fractal exterior geometries. The fractal exterior geometries can enable the distal tip of the end effector jaws to be more aggressive without creating undesired interaction with the tissue. In another embodiment, the metallic core of the end effector jaws can be positioned near the outer surface and at the distal tip as well as along the spine of the surgical end effector, as seen in FIGS. 76-79 . The metallic core may be exposed to the tissue through the various features and recesses along the end effector jaw's outer surface. The metallic core may be recessed within 0.0001-0.001 mm of the outer surface and in electrical contact with the shaft of the surgical instrument to permit the transmission of electrosurgical energy along the end effector jaw. With the metallic core exposed to the tissue, the metallic core can deliver electrosurgical energy to the patient's tissue. In this configuration, the surgical instrument may operate as a hybrid between a mechanical surgical dissector and an electrosurgical instrument.

The various features and characteristics described with regard to the surgical instruments and end effectors illustrated in FIGS. 58-79 can be comprised of various materials. The end effectors illustrated in FIGS. 72-79 can comprise a metallic core that can deliver electrosurgical energy from an electrosurgical instrument to a patient's tissue. The various features described above can comprise overmolded plastic or polymers. The features can comprise polymers or plastics having various densities and properties. A first layer of plastics may be overmolded onto portions of the metallic core of the end effector. The first layer of plastic can have a first density, rigidity, and elasticity. A second layer of plastics may be overmolded onto portions of the first layer of overmolded plastic and/or onto portions of the metallic core. The second layer of plastic can have a second density, rigidity, and elasticity. The first density, rigidity and/or elasticity can be the same or different than the second density, rigidity and/or elasticity.

In one embodiment, the first layer can comprise a rigid layer that can provide a structural support or backbone to the end effector. The second layer can comprise a more elastic and less rigid layer. The second layer can be more deformable to create a tissue interaction outer surface that allows for grasping and securing the tissue. The first layer that is more rigid can have a sharper profile and edges that can maintain its shape and actively shear tissue while the outer softer layer acts more like a bumper to prevent cutting tissue before the surgical end effector is engaged with the desired portion or section of tissue.

The surgical instruments illustrated in FIGS. 72-79 can be produced through traditional manufacturing processes. In addition, or in the alternative, the surgical instruments illustrated in FIGS. 72-79 can be produced through the additive manufacturing procedures discussed above with respect to FIGS. 58-71 . The surgical instruments of FIGS. 72-79 can comprise a metallic core and the outer shape and features of the end effectors can be produced through an additive manufacturing process to produce customized surgical end effectors having desired features and/or shapes.

As discussed above, with regard to FIGS. 72-79 , surgical end effector jaws can be used to employ a combination of electrosurgical and mechanical forces to effected tissue. FIG. 80 illustrates a graphical representation 101400 of the relationship between various parameters for a surgical instrument having mechanical and electrosurgical features. The various parameters include the current delivered to the tissue 101402, the voltage to current ratio 101404, the impedance of the tissue being treated 101406, and the mechanical force being applied to the tissue 101408. The various parameters are illustrated with a reference to various aspects of a surgical procedure, such as a dissection procedure 101410, for example. The dissection procedure 101410 includes an initial force loading condition 101412, a tissue spreading condition 101414, and a force unloading condition 101416.

During the initial force loading condition 101412, the current delivered to the tissue 101402, the voltage to current ratio 101404, and the impedance of the tissue being treated 101406 initially increase. Over the initial force loading condition 101412, the current delivered to the tissue 101402 and the voltage to current ratio 101404 continue to increase while the impedance of the tissue being treated 101406 decreases and then levels out. The mechanical force being applied to the tissue 101408 also increases over the initial force loading condition 101412. As the mechanical force being applied to the tissue 101408 increase, the surgical end effector jaws begin to push layers of the tissue away.

Once the initial force loading condition 101412 is completed, the tissue spreading condition 101414 occurs. Over a first stage of the tissue spreading condition 101414, the current delivered to the tissue 101402 and the impedance of the tissue being treated 101406 remain relatively steady while the voltage to current ratio 101404 fluctuates. In addition, over the first stage of the tissue spreading condition 101414, the mechanical force being applied to the tissue 101408 increases and begins to exceed a higher reinforcement threshold. When the higher reinforcement threshold is exceeded, the current delivered to the tissue 101402 and the voltage to current ratio 101404 are increased to reinforce the tissue spreading, which in turn reduces the impedance of the tissue being treated 101406. The mechanical force being applied to the tissue 101408 by the end effector jaws drop due to the assistance of the electrosurgical energy, as such, the levels for the current delivered to the tissue 101402 and the voltage to current ratio 101404 are reduced. When the mechanical force being applied to the tissue 101408 falls below a lower reinforcement threshold, the current delivered to the tissue 101402 and the voltage to current ratio 101404 are reduced as the need for reinforcement assistance from the electrosurgical aspects of the surgical instrument are reduced. Once the mechanical force being applied to the tissue 101408 climbs above the lower reinforcement threshold, the current delivered to the tissue 101402 and the voltage to current ratio 101404 return to their previous levels.

After the tissue spreading condition 101414 occurs, the mechanical forces and electrosurgical energy being applied are reduced as represented by the unloading condition 101416. During the force unloading condition 101416, the current delivered to the tissue 101402, the voltage to current ratio 101404, the impedance of the tissue being treated 101406, and the mechanical force being applied to the tissue 101408 are all reduced to the initial unloaded condition. The combination of the mechanical force being applied to the tissue 101408 and electrosurgical energy allows the surgical instrument to perform the surgical procedure using less mechanical energy which can result in less tearing of the tissue. The application of the electrosurgical energy can also seal the tissue as it is being separated by the opening of the end effector jaws.

To detect the various threshold levels, discussed above, a surgical instrument may have sensors to monitor the pressures, currents, voltages, impedance of the tissue, and forces applied during a surgical procedure and modify the parameters to prevent any of the threshold from being exceeded. In addition, or in the alternative, a surgeon may be provided with tactical feedback regarding the parameters and manually control the various parameters.

A surgical system 128000 is illustrated in FIG. 80 . The surgical system 128000 comprises a handle, a shaft 128020 extending from the handle, and an end effector 128030 extending from the shaft 128020. In alternative embodiments, the surgical system 128000 comprises a housing configured to be mounted to a robotic surgical system. In at least one such embodiment, the shaft 128020 extends from the robotic housing mount instead of the handle. In either event, the end effector 128030 comprises jaws 128040 and 128050 which are closeable to grasp a target, such as the tissue T of a patient and/or a suture needle, for example, as discussed in greater detail below. The jaws 128040 and 128050 are also openable to dissect the tissue of a patient, for example. In at least one instance, the jaws 128040 and 128050 are insertable into the patient tissue to create an otomy therein and then spread to open the otomy, as discussed in greater detail below.

Referring again to FIG. 80 , the jaws 128040 and 128050 are pivotably coupled to the shaft 128020 about a pivot joint 128060. The pivot joint 128060 defines a fixed axis of rotation, although any suitable arrangement could be used. The jaw 128040 comprises a distal end, or tip, 128041 and an elongate profile which narrows from its proximal end to its distal end 128041. Similarly, the jaw 128050 comprises a distal end, or tip, 128051 and an elongate profile which narrows from its proximal end to its distal end 128051. The distance between the tips 128041 and 128051 define the mouth width, or opening, 128032 of the end effector 128030. When the tips 128041 and 128051 are close to one another, or in contact with one another, the mouth 128032 is small, or closed, and the mouth angle θ is small, or zero. When the tips 128041 and 128051 are far apart, the mouth 128032 is large and the mouth angle θ is large.

Further to the above, the jaws of the end effector 128030 are driven by a jaw drive system including an electric motor. In use, a voltage potential is applied to the electric motor to rotate the drive shaft of the electric motor and drive the jaw drive system. The surgical system 128000 comprises a motor control system configured to apply the voltage potential to the electric motor. In at least one instance, the motor control system is configured to apply a constant DC voltage potential to the electric motor. In such instances, the electric motor will run at a constant speed, or an at least substantially constant speed. In various instances, the motor control system comprises a pulse width modulation (PWM) circuit and/or a frequency modulation (FM) circuit which can apply voltage pulses to the electric motor. The PWM and/or FM circuits can control the speed of the electric motor by controlling the frequency of the voltage pulses supplied to the electric motor, the duration of the voltage pulses supplied to the electric motor, and/or the duration between the voltage pulses supplied to the electric motor.

The motor control system is also configured to monitor the current drawn by the electric motor as a means for monitoring the force being applied by the jaws of the end effector 128030. When the current being drawn by the electric motor is low, the loading force on the jaws is low. Correspondingly, the loading force on the jaws is high when the current being drawn by the electric motor is high. In various instances, the voltage being applied to the electric motor is fixed, or held constant, and the motor current is permitted to fluctuate as a function of the force loading at the jaws. In certain instances, the motor control system is configured to limit the current drawn by the electric motor to limit the force that can be applied by the jaws. In at least one embodiment, the motor control system can include a current regulation circuit that holds constant, or at least substantially constant, the current drawn by the electric motor to maintain a constant loading force at the jaws.

The force generated between the jaws of the end effector 128030, and/or on the jaws of the end effector 128030, may be different depending on the task that the jaws are being used to perform. For instance, the force needed to hold a suture needle may be high as suture needles are typically small and it is possible that a suture needle may slip during use. As such, the jaws of the end effector 128030 are often used to generate large forces when the jaws are close together. On the other hand, the jaws of the end effector 128030 are often used to apply smaller forces when the jaws are positioned further apart to perform larger, or gross, tissue manipulation, for example.

Referring to the upper portion 128110 of the graph 128100 illustrated in FIG. 81 , the loading force, f, experienced by the jaws of the end effector 128030 can be limited by a force profile stored in the motor control system. The force limit profile 128110 o for opening the jaws 128040 and 128050 is different than the force limit profile 128110 c for closing the jaws 128040 and 128050. This is because the procedures performed when forcing the jaws 128040 and 128050 open are typically different than the procedures performed when forcing the jaws 128040 and 128050 closed. That said, the opening and closing force limit profiles could be the same. While it is likely that the jaws 128040 and 128050 will experience some force loading regardless of whether the jaws 128050 are being opened or closed, the force limit profiles typically come into play when the jaws 128040 and 128050 are being used to perform a particular procedure within the patient. For instance, the jaws 128040 and 128050 are forced open to create and expand an otomy in the tissue of a patient, as represented by graph sections 128115 and 128116, respectively, of graph 128100, while the jaws 128040 and 128050 are forced closed to grasp a needle and/or the patient tissue, as represented by graph sections 128111 and 128112, respectively, of graph 128100.

Referring again to FIG. 81 , the opening and closing jaw force limit profiles 128110 o and 128110 c, respectively, are depicted on the opposite sides of a zero force line depicted in the graph 128100. As can be seen in the upper section 128110 of graph 128100, the jaw force limit threshold is higher—for both force limit profiles 128110 o and 128110 c—when the jaws 128040 and 128050 are just being opened from their fully-closed position. As can also be seen in the upper section 128110 of graph 128100, the jaw force limit threshold is lower—for both force limit profiles 128110 o and 128110 c—when the jaws 128040 and 128050 are reaching their fully-opened position. Such an arrangement can reduce the possibility of the jaws 128040 and 128050 damaging adjacent tissue when the being fully opened, for example. In any event, the force that the jaws 128040 and 128050 are allowed to apply is a function of the mouth opening size between the jaws and/or the direction in which the jaws are being moved. For instance, when the jaws 128040 and 128050 are opened widely, or at their maximum, to grasp large objects, referring to graph section 128114 of upper graph section 128110, the jaw force f limit is very low as compared to when the jaws 128040 and 128050 are more closed to perform gross tissue manipulation, referring to graph section 128113 of upper graph section 128110. Moreover, different jaw force limit profiles can be used for different jaw configurations. For instance, Maryland dissectors, which have narrow and pointy jaws, may have a different jaw force limit profile than a grasper having blunt jaws, for example.

In addition to or in lieu of the above, the speed of the jaws 128040 and 128050 can be controlled and/or limited by the motor control system as a function of the mouth opening size between the jaws 128040 and 128050 and/or the direction the jaws are being moved. Referring to the middle portion 128120 and lower portion 128130 of the graph 128100 in FIG. 81 , the rate limit profile for moving the jaws 128040 and 128050 permits the jaws to be moved slowly when the jaws are near their closed position and moved quickly when the jaws are near their open position. In such instances, the jaws 128040 and 128050 are accelerated as the jaws are opened. Such an arrangement can provide fine control over the jaws 128040 and 128050 when they are close together to facilitate the fine dissection of tissue, for example. Notably, the rate limit profile for opening and closing the jaws 128040 and 128050 is the same, but they could be different in other embodiments. In alternative embodiments, the rate limit profile for moving the jaws 128040 and 128050 permits the jaws to be moved quickly when the jaws are near their closed position and slowly when the jaws are near their open position. In such instances, the jaws 128040 and 128050 are decelerated as the jaws are opened. Such an arrangement can provide fine control over the jaws 128040 and 128050 when the jaws are being used to stretch an otomy, for example. The above being said, the speed of the jaws 128040 and 128050 can be adjusted once the jaws experience loading resistance from the patient tissue, for example. In at least one such instance, the jaw opening rate and/or the jaw closing rate can be reduced once the jaws 128040 and 128050 begin to experience force resistance above a threshold, for example.

In various instances, further to the above, the handle of the surgical system 128000 comprises an actuator, the motion of which tracks, or is supposed to track, the motion of the jaws 128040 and 128050 of the end effector 128030. For instance, the actuator can comprise a scissors-grip configuration which is openable and closable to mimic the opening and closing of the end effector jaws 128040 and 128050. The control system of the surgical system 128000 can comprise one or more sensor systems configured to monitor the state of the end effector jaws 128040 and 128050 and the state of the handle actuator and, if there is a discrepancy between the two states, the control system can take a corrective action once the discrepancy exceeds a threshold and/or threshold range. In at least one instance, the control system can provide feedback, such as audio, tactile, and/or haptic feedback, for example, to the clinician that the discrepancy exists and/or provide the degree of discrepancy to the clinician. In such instances, the clinician can make mental compensations for this discrepancy. In addition to or in lieu of the above, the control system can adapt its control program of the jaws 128040 and 128050 to match the motion of the actuator. In at least one instance, the control system can monitor the loading force being applied to the jaws and align the closed position of the actuator with the position of the jaws when the jaws experience the peak force loading condition when grasping tissue. Similarly, the control system can align the open position of the actuator with the position of the jaws when the jaws experience the minimum force loading condition when grasping tissue. In various instances, the control system is configured to provide the clinician with a control to override these adjustments and allow the clinician to use their own discretion in using the surgical system 128000 in an appropriate manner.

A surgical system 128700 is illustrated in FIGS. 82 and 83 . The surgical system 128700 comprises a handle, a shaft assembly 128720 extending from the handle, and an end effector 128730 extending from the shaft assembly 128720. In alternative embodiments, the surgical system 128700 comprises a housing configured to be mounted to a robotic surgical system. In at least one such embodiment, the shaft 128720 extends from the robotic housing mount instead of the handle. In either event, the end effector 128730 comprises shears configured to transect the tissue of a patient. The shears comprise two jaws 128740 and 128750 configured to transect the patient tissue positioned between the jaws 128740 and 128750 as the jaws 128740 and 128750 are being closed. Each of the jaws 128740 and 128750 comprises a sharp edge configured to cut the tissue and are pivotably mounted to the shaft 128720 about a pivot joint 128760. Such an arrangement can comprise bypassing scissors shears. Other embodiments are envisioned in which one of the jaws 128740 and 128750 comprises a knife edge and the other comprises a mandrel against the tissue is supported and transected. Such an arrangement can comprise a knife wedge in which the knife wedge is moved toward the mandrel. In at least one embodiment, the jaw comprising the knife edge is movable and the jaw comprising the mandrel is stationary. The above being said, embodiments are envisioned in which the tissue-engaging edges of one or both of the jaws 128740 and 128750 are not necessarily sharp.

As discussed above, the end effector 128730 comprises two scissor jaws 128740 and 128750 movable between an open position and a closed position to cut the tissue of a patient. The jaw 128740 comprises a sharp distal end 128741 and the jaw 128750 comprises a sharp distal end 128751 which are configured to snip the tissue of the patient at the mouth 128731 of the end effector 128730, for example. That said, other embodiments are envisioned in which the distal ends 128741 and 128751 are blunt and can be used to dissect tissue, for example. In any event, the jaws are driven by a jaw drive system including an electric drive motor, the speed of which is adjustable to adjust the closure rate and/or opening rate of the jaws. Referring to the graph 128400 of FIG. 84 , the control system of the surgical system is configured to monitor the loading, or shear, force on the jaws 128740 and 128750 as the jaws 128740 and 128750 are being closed and adaptively slow down the drive motor when large forces, or forces above a threshold Fc, are experienced by the jaws 128740 and 128750. Such large forces often occur when the tissue T being cut by the jaws 128740 and 128750 is thick, for example. Similar to the above, the control system can monitor the current drawn by the drive motor as a proxy for the loading force being experienced by the jaws 128740 and 128750. In addition to or in lieu of this approach, the control system can be configured to measure the jaw loading force directly by one or more load cells and/or strain gauges, for example. Once the loading force experienced by the jaws 128740 and 128750 drops below the force threshold Fc, the control system can adaptively speed up the jaw closure rate. Alternatively, the control system can maintain the lower closure rate of the jaws 128740 and 128750 even though the force threshold is no longer being exceeded.

The above-provided discussion with respect to the surgical system 128700 can provide mechanical energy or a mechanical cutting force to the tissue of a patient. That said, the surgical system 128700 is also configured to provide electrosurgical energy or an electrosurgical cutting force to the tissue of a patient. In various instances, the electrosurgical energy comprises RF energy, for example; however, electrosurgical energy could be supplied to the patient tissue at any suitable frequency. In addition to or in lieu of AC power, the surgical system 128700 can be configured to supply DC power to the patient tissue. The surgical system 128700 comprises a generator in electrical communication with one or more electrical pathways defined in the instrument shaft 128720 which can supply electrical power to the jaws 128740 and 128750 and also provide a return path for the current. In at least one instance, the jaw 128740 comprises an electrode 128742 in electrical communication with a first electrical pathway in the shaft 128720 and the jaw 128750 comprises an electrode 128752 in electrical communication with a second electrical pathway in the shaft 128720. The first and second electrical pathways are electrically insulated, or at least substantially insulated, from one another and the surrounding shaft structure such that the first and second electrical pathways, the electrodes 128742 and 128752, and the tissue positioned between the electrodes 128742 and 128752 forms a circuit. Such an arrangement provides a bipolar arrangement between the electrodes 128742 and 128752. That said, embodiments are envisioned in which a monopolar arrangement could be used. In such an arrangement, the return path for the current goes through the patient and into a return electrode positioned on or under the patient, for example.

As discussed above, the tissue of a patient can be cut by using a mechanical force and/or an electrical force. Such mechanical and electrical forces can be applied simultaneously and/or sequentially. For instance, both forces can be applied at the beginning of a tissue cutting actuation and then the mechanical force can be discontinued in favor of the electrosurgical force finishing the tissue cutting actuation. Such an approach can apply an energy-created hemostatic seal to the tissue after the mechanical cutting has been completed. In such arrangements, the electrosurgical force is applied throughout the duration of the tissue cutting actuation. In other instances, the mechanical cutting force, without the electrosurgical cutting force, can be used to start a tissue cutting actuation which is then followed by the electrosurgical cutting force after the mechanical cutting force has been stopped. In such arrangements, the mechanical and electrosurgical forces are not overlapping or co-extensive. In various instances, both the mechanical and electrosurgical forces are overlapping and co-extensive throughout the entire tissue cutting actuation. In at least one instance, both forces are overlapping and co-extensive throughout the entire tissue cutting actuation but in magnitudes or intensities that change during the tissue cutting actuation. The above being said, any suitable combination, pattern, and/or sequence of mechanical and electrosurgical cutting forces and energies could be used.

Further to the above, the surgical system 128700 comprises a control system configured to co-ordinate the application of the mechanical force and electrosurgical energy to the patient tissue. In various instances, the control system is in communication with the motor controller which drives the jaws 128740 and 128750 and, also, the electrical generator and comprises one or more sensing systems for monitoring the mechanical force and electrosurgical energy being applied to the tissue. Systems for monitoring the forces within a mechanical drive system are disclosed elsewhere herein. Systems for monitoring the electrosurgical energy being applied to the patient tissue include monitoring the impedance, or changes in the impedance, of the patient tissue via the electrical pathways of the electrosurgical circuit. In at least one instance, referring to the graph 128800 in FIG. 85 , the RF current/voltage ratio of the electrosurgical power being applied to the patient tissue by the generator is evaluated by monitoring the current and voltage of the power being supplied by the generator. The impedance of the tissue and the RF current/voltage ratio of the electrosurgical power are a function of many variables such as the temperature of the tissue, the density of the tissue, the thickness of the tissue, the type of tissue between the jaws 128740 and 128750, the duration in which the power is applied to the tissue, among others, which change throughout the application of the electrosurgical energy.

Further to the above, the control system and/or generator of the surgical system 128700 comprises one or more ammeter circuits and/or voltmeter circuits configured to monitor the electrosurgical current and/or voltage, respectively, being applied to the patient tissue. Referring again to FIG. 85 , a minimum amplitude limit and/or a maximum amplitude limit on the current being applied to the patient tissue can be preset in the control system and/or can be controllable by the user of the surgical instrument system through one or more input controls. The minimum and maximum amplitude limits can define a current envelope within which the electrosurgical portion of the surgical system 128700 is operated.

In various instances, the control system of the surgical system 128700 is configured to adaptively increase the electrosurgical energy applied to the patient tissue when the drive motor slows. The motor slowing can be a reaction to an increase in the tissue cutting load and/or an adaptation of the control system. Similarly, the control system of the surgical system 128700 is configured to adaptively increase the electrosurgical energy applied to the patient tissue when the drive motor stops. Again, the motor stopping can be a reaction to an increase in the tissue cutting load and/or an adaptation of the control system. Increasing the electrosurgical energy when the electric motor slows and/or stops can compensate for a reduction in mechanical cutting energy. In alternative embodiments, the electrosurgical energy can be reduced and/or stopped when the electric motor slows and/or stops. Such embodiments can afford the clinician to evaluate the situation in a low-energy environment.

In various instances, the control system of the surgical system 128700 is configured to adaptively decrease the electrosurgical energy applied to the patient tissue when the drive motor speeds up. The motor speeding up can be a reaction to a decrease in the cutting load and/or an adaptation of the control system. Decreasing the electrosurgical energy when the electric motor slows and/or stops can compensate for, or balance out, an increase in mechanical cutting energy. In alternative embodiments, the electrosurgical energy can be increased when the electric motor speeds up. Such embodiments can accelerate the closure of the jaws and provide a clean, quick cutting motion.

In various instances, the control system of the surgical system 128700 is configured to adaptively increase the speed of the drive motor when the electrosurgical energy applied to the patient tissue decreases. The electrosurgical energy decreasing can be a reaction to a change in tissue properties and/or an adaptation of the control system. Similarly, the control system of the surgical system 128700 is configured to adaptively increase the speed of the drive motor when electrosurgical energy applied to the patient tissue stops in response to an adaptation of the control system. Increasing the speed of the drive motor when the electrosurgical energy decreases or is stopped can compensate for a reduction in electrosurgical cutting energy. In alternative embodiments, the speed of the drive motor can be reduced and/or stopped when the electrosurgical energy decreases and/or is stopped. Such embodiments can afford the clinician to evaluate the situation in a low-energy and/or static environment.

In various instances, the control system of the surgical system 128700 is configured to adaptively decrease the speed of the electric motor when the electrosurgical energy applied to the patient tissue increases. The electrosurgical energy increasing can be a reaction to a change in tissue properties and/or an adaptation of the control system. Decreasing the drive motor speed when the electrosurgical energy increases can compensate for, or balance out, an increase in electrosurgical cutting energy. In alternative embodiments, the drive motor speed can be increased when the electrosurgical energy increases. Such embodiments can accelerate the closure of the jaws and provide a clean, quick cutting motion.

In various instances, the surgical system 128700 comprises controls, such as on the handle of the surgical system 128700, for example, that a clinician can use to control when the mechanical and/or electrosurgical forces are applied. In addition to or in lieu of manual controls, the control system of the surgical system 128700 is configured to monitor the mechanical force and electrical energy being applied to the tissue and adjust one or the other, if needed, to cut the tissue in a desirable manner according to one or more predetermined force-energy curves and/or matrices. In at least one instance, the control system can increase the electrical energy being delivered to the tissue once the mechanical force being applied reaches a threshold limit. Moreover, the control system is configured to consider other parameters, such as the impedance of the tissue being cut, when making adjustments to the mechanical force and/or electrical energy being applied to the tissue.

The surgical instrument systems described herein are motivated by an electric motor; however, the surgical instrument systems described herein can be motivated in any suitable manner. In certain instances, the motors disclosed herein may comprise a portion or portions of a robotically controlled system. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/118,241, entitled SURGICAL STAPLING INSTRUMENTS WITH ROTATABLE STAPLE DEPLOYMENT ARRANGEMENTS, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,072,535, for example, discloses several examples of a robotic surgical instrument system in greater detail, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.

The surgical instrument systems described herein can be used in connection with the deployment and deformation of staples. Various embodiments are envisioned which deploy fasteners other than staples, such as clamps or tacks, for example. Moreover, various embodiments are envisioned which utilize any suitable means for sealing tissue. For instance, an end effector in accordance with various embodiments can comprise electrodes configured to heat and seal the tissue. Also, for instance, an end effector in accordance with certain embodiments can apply vibrational energy to seal the tissue. In addition, various embodiments are envisioned which utilize a suitable cutting means to cut the tissue.

EXAMPLES

Example 1—A surgical end effector for use with a surgical instrument. The surgical end effector comprises a proximal connector configured to attach to a distal end of the surgical instrument. The proximal connector comprises an actuator. The surgical end effector further comprises a first jaw member. The first jaw member comprises a first portion comprising a first feature, and a second portion comprising a second feature. The surgical end effector further comprises a second jaw member. At least one of the first jaw member and the second jaw member is movable relative to the other one of the first jaw member and the second jaw member between an open configuration and a closed configuration. The second jaw member comprises a first portion comprising a first feature, and a second portion comprising a second feature. At least one of the first feature of the first jaw member and the first feature of the second jaw member is selected by a user in an additive manufacturing process.

Example 2—The surgical end effector of Example 1, wherein the additive manufacturing process comprises 3-D printing.

Example 3—The surgical end effector of Examples 1 or 2, wherein the first jaw member comprises an inner surface and an outer surface, wherein the second jaw member comprises an inner surface and an outer surface, and wherein the inner surface of the first jaw member and the inner surface of the second jaw member comprise a mating relationship when the surgical end effector is in the closed configuration.

Example 4—The surgical end effector of Examples 1, 2, or 3, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a tooth, wherein the first feature of the second jaw member comprises a void, and wherein, when the surgical end effector is in the closed configuration, the tooth is received in the void.

Example 5—The surgical end effector of Examples 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a first material, wherein the second feature of the first jaw member comprises a second material, and wherein the first material is different than the second material.

Example 6—The surgical end effector of Examples 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a first material, wherein the first feature of the second jaw member comprises a second material, and wherein the first material is different than the second material.

Example 7—The surgical end effector of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a first symmetrical pattern of protrusions, wherein the first feature of the second jaw member comprises a second symmetrical pattern of protrusions, and wherein the first symmetrical pattern of protrusions and the second symmetrical pattern of protrusions are complementary.

Example 8—The surgical end effector of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a first symmetrical pattern of protrusions, wherein the first feature of the second jaw member comprises a second symmetrical pattern of protrusions, and wherein the first symmetrical pattern of protrusions is different than the second symmetrical pattern of protrusions.

Example 9—The surgical end effector of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a first asymmetrical pattern of protrusions, wherein the first feature of the second jaw member comprises a second asymmetrical pattern of protrusions, and wherein the first asymmetrical pattern of protrusions and the second asymmetrical pattern of protrusions are complementary.

Example 10—The surgical end effector of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a first asymmetrical pattern of protrusions, wherein the first feature of the second jaw member comprises a second asymmetrical pattern of protrusions, and wherein the first asymmetrical pattern of protrusions is different than the second asymmetrical pattern of protrusions.

Example 11—The surgical end effector of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, wherein the first portion of the first jaw member is proximal to the second portion of the first jaw member.

Example 12—The surgical end effector of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 11, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a plurality of protrusions.

Example 13—The surgical end effector of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, or 12, wherein the second feature of the first jaw member comprises a plurality of protrusions.

Example 14—The surgical end effector of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, or 13, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a plurality of protrusions, and wherein the second feature of the first jaw member comprises a substantially smooth surface.

Example 15—The surgical end effector of Examples 1 or 2, wherein the first jaw member comprises an inside surface and an outside surface, and wherein the first portion of the first jaw member is positioned along the inside surface of the first jaw member, and wherein the second portion of the first jaw member is positioned along the outside surface of the first jaw member.

Example 16—The surgical end effector of Examples 1, 2, or 15, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a plurality of protrusions, and wherein the second feature of the first jaw member comprises a substantially smooth surface.

Example 17—The surgical end effector of Examples 1, 2, or 15, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a substantially smooth surface, and wherein the second feature of the first jaw member comprises a plurality of protrusions.

Example 18—The surgical end effector of Examples 1, 2, or 15, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a plurality of first protrusions, and wherein the second feature of the first jaw member comprises a plurality of second protrusions.

Example 19—The surgical end effector of Example 18, wherein the plurality of first protrusions is different than the plurality of second protrusions.

Example 20—The surgical end effector of Examples 1, 2, or 15, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises an asymmetrical profile, and wherein the second feature of the first jaw member comprises a symmetrical profile.

Example 21—The surgical end effector of Examples 1, 2, 15, or 20, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a low durometer surface.

Example 22—The surgical end effector of Examples 1, 2, 15, 20, or 21 wherein the second feature of the first jaw member comprises a low durometer surface.

Example 23—The surgical end effector of Examples 1, 2, or 15, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a curved profile.

Example 24—The surgical end effector of Examples 1, 2, or 15, wherein the second feature of the first jaw member comprises a curved profile.

Example 25—The surgical end effector of Examples 1, 2, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a metallic material.

Example 26—The surgical end effector of Examples 1, 2, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25, wherein the second feature of the first jaw member comprises a metallic material.

Example 27—A surgical end effector for use with a surgical instrument. The surgical end effector comprises a proximal connector configured to attach to a distal end of the surgical instrument. The proximal connector comprises an actuator. The surgical end effector further comprises a first jaw member. The first jaw member comprises a first portion comprising a first feature, and a second portion comprising a second feature. The surgical end effector further comprises a second jaw member. At least one of the first jaw member and the second jaw member is movable relative to the other one of the first jaw member and the second jaw member between an open configuration and a closed configuration. The second jaw member comprises a first portion comprising a first feature, and a second portion comprising a second feature. The surgical end effector further comprises means for selecting at least one of the first feature of the first jaw member and the first feature of the second jaw member by a user.

Example 28—The surgical end effector of Example 27, wherein the means comprises an additive manufacturing process.

Example 29—The surgical end effector of Examples 27 or 28, wherein the first jaw member comprises an inner surface and an outer surface, wherein the second jaw member comprises an inner surface and an outer surface, and wherein the inner surface of the first jaw member and the inner surface of the second jaw member comprise a mating relationship when the surgical end effector is in the closed configuration.

Example 30—The surgical end effector of Examples 27, 28, or 29, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a tooth, wherein the first feature of the second jaw member comprises a void, and wherein, when the surgical end effector is in the closed configuration, the tooth is received in the void.

Example 31—The surgical end effector of Examples 27, 28, 29, or 30, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a first material, wherein the second feature of the first jaw member comprises a second material, and wherein the first material is different than the second material.

Example 32—The surgical end effector of Examples 27, 28, 29, or 30, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a first material, wherein the first feature of the second jaw member comprises a second material, and wherein the first material is different than the second material.

Example 33—The surgical end effector of Examples 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, or 32, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a first symmetrical pattern of protrusions, wherein the first feature of the second jaw member comprises a second symmetrical pattern of protrusions, and wherein the first symmetrical pattern of protrusions and the second symmetrical pattern of protrusions are complementary.

Example 34—The surgical end effector of Examples 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, or 32, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a first symmetrical pattern of protrusions, wherein the first feature of the second jaw member comprises a second symmetrical pattern of protrusions, and wherein the first symmetrical pattern of protrusions is different than the second symmetrical pattern of protrusions.

Example 35—The surgical end effector of Examples 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, or 32, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a first asymmetrical pattern of protrusions, wherein the first feature of the second jaw member comprises a second asymmetrical pattern of protrusions, and wherein the first asymmetrical pattern of protrusions and the second asymmetrical pattern of protrusions are complementary.

Example 36—The surgical end effector of Examples 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, or 32, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a first asymmetrical pattern of protrusions, wherein the first feature of the second jaw member comprises a second asymmetrical pattern of protrusions, and wherein the first asymmetrical pattern of protrusions is different than the second asymmetrical pattern of protrusions.

Example 37—The surgical end effector of Examples 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, or 36, wherein the first portion of the first jaw member is proximal to the second portion of the first jaw member.

Example 38—The surgical end effector of Examples 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, or 37, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a plurality of protrusion.

Example 39—The surgical end effector of Examples 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 37, or 38, wherein the second feature of the first jaw member comprises a plurality of protrusions.

Example 40—The surgical end effector of Examples 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 37, 38, or 39, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a plurality of protrusions, and wherein the second feature of the first jaw member comprises a substantially smooth surface.

Example 41—The surgical end effector of Examples 27 or 28, wherein the first jaw member comprises an inside surface and an outside surface, and where the first portion of the first jaw member is positioned along the inside surface of the first jaw member, and wherein the second portion of the first jaw member is positioned along the outside surface of the first jaw member.

Example 42—The surgical end effector of Examples 27, 28, or 41, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a plurality of protrusions, and wherein the second feature of the first jaw member comprises a substantially smooth surface.

Example 43—The surgical end effector of Examples 27, 28, or 41, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a substantially smooth surface, and wherein the second feature of the first jaw member comprises a plurality of protrusions.

Example 44—The surgical end effector of Examples 27, 28, or 43, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a plurality of first protrusions, and wherein the second feature of the first jaw member comprises a plurality of second protrusions.

Example 45—The surgical end effector of Example 44, wherein the plurality of first protrusions is different than the plurality of second protrusions.

Example 46—The surgical end effector of Examples 27, 28, or 41, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises an asymmetrical profile, and wherein the second feature of the first jaw member comprises a symmetrical profile.

Example 47—The surgical end effector of Examples 27, 28, 41, or 46, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a low durometer surface.

Example 48—The surgical end effector of Examples 27, 28, 41, 46, or 47, wherein the second feature of the first jaw member comprises a low durometer surface.

Example 49—The surgical end effector of Examples 27, 28, or 41, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a curved profile.

Example 50—The surgical end effector of Examples 27, 28, or 41, wherein the second feature of the first jaw member comprises a curved profile.

Example 51—The surgical end effector of Examples 27, 28, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50, wherein the first feature of the first jaw member comprises a metallic material.

Example 52—The surgical end effector of Examples 27, 28, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or 51 wherein the second feature of the first jaw member comprises a metallic material.

Example 53—A method for producing a customized end effector. The method comprises preparing an end effector connector for customization. The end effector connector comprises a proximal connector configured to attach to a distal end of a surgical instrument. The proximal connector comprises an actuator. The method further comprises determining through interaction with a patient a first desired characteristic of the end effector, determining through interaction with a patient a second desired characteristic of the end effector, and creating a first jaw member having the first desired characteristic. The first jaw member is attached to a distal portion of the end effector. The method further comprises creating a second jaw member having the second desired characteristic. The second jaw member is attached to a distal portion of the end effector.

Example 54—The method of Example 53, further comprising producing the first jaw member and the second jaw member using an additive manufacturing process.

Example 55—The method of Example 54, wherein the additive manufacturing process comprises 3-D printing.

Example 56—The method of Examples 53, 54, or 55, wherein the first characteristic of the first jaw member comprises a tooth, wherein the second characteristic of the second jaw member comprises a void.

Example 57—The method of Examples 53, 54, 55, or 56, wherein the first characteristic comprises a first material, wherein the second characteristic comprises a second material, and wherein the first material is different than the second material.

Example 58—The method of Examples 53, 54, 55, 56, or 57, wherein the first characteristic comprises a first symmetrical pattern of protrusions, wherein the second characteristic comprises a second symmetrical pattern of protrusions, and wherein the first symmetrical pattern of protrusions and the second symmetrical pattern of protrusions are complementary.

Example 59—The method of Examples 53, 54, 55, 56, or 57, wherein the first characteristic comprises a first symmetrical pattern of protrusions, wherein the second characteristic comprises a second symmetrical pattern of protrusions, and wherein the first symmetrical pattern of protrusions is different than the second symmetrical pattern of protrusions.

Example 60—The method of Examples 53, 54, 55, 56, or 57, wherein the first characteristic comprises a first asymmetrical pattern of protrusions, wherein the second characteristic comprises a second asymmetrical pattern of protrusions, and wherein the first asymmetrical pattern of protrusions and the second asymmetrical pattern of protrusions are complementary.

Example 61—The method of Examples 53, 54, 55, 56, or 57, wherein the first characteristic comprises a first asymmetrical pattern of protrusions, wherein the second characteristic comprises a second asymmetrical pattern of protrusions, and wherein the first asymmetrical pattern of protrusions is different than the second asymmetrical pattern of protrusions.

Example 62—The method of Example 53, further comprising creating a third desired characteristic on the first jaw member, and creating a fourth desired characteristic on the second jaw member.

Example 63—The method of Example 62, wherein the first characteristic comprises a plurality of protrusions.

Example 64—The method of Examples 62 or 63, wherein the third characteristic comprises a plurality of protrusions.

Example 65—The method of Examples 62 or 64, wherein the first characteristic comprises a plurality of protrusions, and wherein the third characteristic comprises a substantially smooth surface.

Example 66—The method of Examples 62, 63, 64, or 65, wherein the first jaw member comprises an inside surface and an outside surface, and where the first characteristic is positioned along the inside surface of the first jaw member, and wherein the third characteristic is positioned along the outside surface of the first jaw member.

Example 67—The method of Examples 62, 63, 64, 65, or 66, wherein the first characteristic comprises a plurality of protrusions, and wherein the third characteristic comprises a substantially smooth surface.

Example 68—The method of Examples 62, 63, 64, 65, or 66, wherein the first characteristic comprises a substantially smooth surface, and wherein the third characteristic comprises a plurality of protrusions.

Example 69—The method of Examples 62, 63, 64, 65, or 66, wherein the first characteristic comprises a plurality of first protrusions, and wherein the third characteristic comprises a plurality of second protrusions.

Example 70—The method of Example 69, wherein the plurality of first protrusions is different than the plurality of second protrusions.

Example 71—The method of Examples 62, 63, 64, 65, or 66, wherein the first characteristic comprises an asymmetrical profile, and wherein the third characteristic comprises a symmetrical profile.

Example 72—The method of Examples 62, 63, 64, 65, or 66, wherein the first characteristic comprises a low durometer surface.

Example 73—The method of Examples 62, 63, 64, 65, or 66, wherein the third characteristic comprises a low durometer surface.

Example 74—The method of Examples 62, 63, 64, 65, or 66, wherein the first characteristic comprises a curved profile.

Example 75—The method of Examples 62, 63, 64, 65, or 66, wherein the third characteristic comprises a curved profile.

Example 76—The method of Examples 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, or 75, wherein the first characteristic comprises a metallic material.

Example 77—The method of Examples 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, or 76, wherein the third characteristic comprises a metallic material.

Example 78—A surgical instrument comprising a composite dissector jaw. The composite dissector jaw comprises a first jaw. The first jaw comprises a proximal portion, a distal portion, a tissue contacting surface, a metallic core, and at least one layer of molded plastic on the metallic core. The at least one layer of molded plastic defines a pattern. The pattern defines at least a portion of the tissue contacting surface. The tissue contacting surface further comprises at least a portion of the metallic core. The composite dissector jaw further comprises a second jaw. At least one of the first jaw and the second jaw is rotatable with respect to the other one of the first jaw and the second jaw.

Example 79—The surgical instrument of Example 78, wherein the pattern comprises a first pattern on the proximal portion and a second pattern on the distal portion.

Example 80—The surgical instrument of Example 79, wherein the first pattern is different than the second pattern.

Example 81—The surgical instrument of Examples 79 or 80, wherein the first pattern comprises a first thickness of the at least one layer of molded plastic, wherein the second pattern comprises a second thickness of the at least one layer of molded plastic, and wherein the first thickness is different than the second thickness.

Example 82—The surgical instrument of Example 81, wherein the first thickness is greater than the second thickness.

Example 83—The surgical instrument of Example 81, wherein the first thickness is less than the second thickness.

Example 84—The surgical instrument of Examples 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, or 83, wherein the at least one layer of molded plastic comprises a first layer and a second layer.

Example 85—The surgical instrument of Example 84, wherein the first layer is different than the second layer.

Example 86—The surgical instrument of Examples 84 or 85, wherein the first layer comprises a first material, wherein the second layer comprises a second material, and wherein the first material is different than the second material.

Example 87—The surgical instrument of Examples 84, 85, or 86, wherein the first layer is in contact with the metallic core, and wherein the second layer is in contact with the first layer.

Example 88—The surgical instrument of Examples 84, 85, or 86, wherein the first layer is positioned on the proximal portion, and wherein the second layer is positioned on the distal portion.

Example 89—The surgical instrument of Examples 84, 85, 86, 87, or 88, wherein the first layer comprises a first rigidity, wherein the second layer comprises a second rigidity, wherein the first rigidity is different than the second rigidity.

Example 90—The surgical instrument of Example 89, wherein the first rigidity is greater than the second rigidity.

Example 91—The surgical instrument of Example 89, wherein the first rigidity is less than the second rigidity.

Example 92—The surgical instrument of Examples 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, or 91, wherein the first pattern comprises a plurality of recesses.

Example 93—The surgical instrument of Examples 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, or 92, wherein the first pattern comprises a plurality of ridges.

Example 94—The surgical instrument of Examples 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, or 93, wherein the first pattern is symmetrical.

Example 95—The surgical instrument of Examples 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, or 93, wherein the first pattern is asymmetrical.

Example 96—The surgical instrument of Examples 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, or 95, wherein the at least one layer of molded plastic on the metallic core comprises openings, and wherein the metallic core is exposed to tissue via the openings.

Example 97—The surgical instrument of Examples 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, or 96, wherein the first jaw and the second jaw are mechanically driven open to create an ostomy.

Example 98—A surgical dissector comprising a first jaw member. The first jaw member comprises a proximal end, a distal end, a first tissue contacting surface, a second tissue contacting surface, a metallic core, and a nonmetallic layer. The metallic core of the first jaw member is configured to transmit electrosurgical energy. The nonmetallic layer is disposed over at least a portion of the metallic core of the first jaw member. The surgical dissector further comprises a second jaw member. The second jaw member comprises a proximal end, a distal end, a first tissue contacting surface, a second tissue contacting surface, a metallic core, and a nonmetallic layer. The metallic core of the second jaw member is configured to transmit electrosurgical energy. The nonmetallic layer is disposed over at least a portion of the metallic core of the second jaw member. The surgical dissector further comprises a joint. The first jaw member and the second jaw member are rotatable about the joint between closed and open positions.

Example 99—The surgical dissector of Example 98, wherein the first tissue contacting surface of the first jaw member is positioned adjacent the first tissue contacting surface of the second jaw member when the first and the second jaw members are in the closed position.

Example 100—The surgical dissector of Examples 98 or 99, wherein the first tissue contacting surface of the first jaw member comprises a first pattern, and wherein the first tissue contacting surface of the second jaw member comprises a second pattern, and wherein the first pattern is different than the second pattern.

Example 101—The surgical dissector of Examples 98 or 99, wherein the first tissue contacting surface of the first jaw member comprises a first pattern, and wherein the first tissue contacting surface of the second jaw member comprises a second pattern, and wherein the first pattern is complementary to the second pattern.

Example 102—The surgical dissector of Examples 98 or 99, wherein the first tissue contacting surface of the first jaw member comprises a first pattern, and wherein the first tissue contacting surface of the second jaw member comprises a second pattern, wherein the first pattern comprises a plurality of first teeth, and wherein the second pattern comprises a plurality of second teeth.

Example 103—The surgical dissector of Examples 98 or 99, wherein the first tissue contacting surface of the first jaw member comprises a first pattern, and wherein the first tissue contacting surface of the second jaw member comprises a second pattern, wherein the first pattern comprises a plurality of first recesses, and wherein the second pattern comprises a plurality of second recesses.

Example 104—The surgical dissector of Examples 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, or 103, wherein the nonmetallic layer of the first jaw member comprises a first nonmetallic layer and a second nonmetallic layer.

Example 105—The surgical dissector of Example 104, wherein the first nonmetallic layer is different than the second nonmetallic layer.

Example 106—The surgical dissector of Examples 104 or 105, wherein the first nonmetallic layer comprises a first rigidity, wherein the second nonmetallic layer comprises a second rigidity, and wherein the first rigidity is different than the second rigidity.

Example 107—The surgical dissector of Example 98, wherein the first tissue contacting surface of the first jaw member comprises a first pattern, wherein the second tissue contacting surface of the first jaw member comprises a second pattern, and wherein the first pattern is different than the second pattern.

Example 108—The surgical dissector of Example 107, wherein the first pattern comprises a symmetrical pattern, and wherein the second pattern comprises an asymmetrical pattern.

Example 109—The surgical dissector of Examples 107 or 108, wherein the first pattern comprises a plurality of teeth, and wherein the second pattern comprises a plurality of cavities.

Example 110—The surgical dissector of Examples 107 or 108, wherein the first pattern comprises a plurality of first cavities, wherein the second pattern comprises a plurality of second cavities.

Example 111—The surgical dissector of Example 110, wherein the plurality of first cavities comprises a first depth, wherein the plurality of second cavities comprises a second depth, and wherein the first depth is different than the second depth.

Example 112—A surgical instrument comprising a jaw. The jaw comprises a metallic core and an outer skin. The outer skin comprises a plurality of first through holes exposing the metallic core to an outer surface of the jaw. The plurality of first through holes comprise a first through hole size. The outer skin further comprises a plurality of second through holes exposing the metallic core to the outer surface of the jaw. The plurality of second through holes comprise a second through hole size. The first through hole size is different than the second through hole size.

Example 113—The surgical instrument of Example 112, wherein the jaw further comprises a first region. The plurality of first through holes are positioned within the first region. The jaw further comprises a second region. The plurality of second through holes are positioned within the second region. The first region is different than the second region.

Example 114—The surgical instrument of Examples 112 or 113, wherein the jaw comprises a tip region, wherein the first through hole size is smaller than the second through hole size, and wherein the plurality of first through holes are positioned within the tip region.

Example 115—The surgical instrument of Examples 112 or 113, wherein the jaw comprises a tip region, wherein the first through hole size is larger than the second through hole size, and wherein the plurality of first through holes are positioned within the tip region.

Example 116—The surgical instrument of Examples 112, 113, 114, or 115, wherein the plurality of first through holes and the plurality of second through holes are intermixed along the outer skin.

Example 117—The surgical instrument of Examples 112, 113, 114, 115, or 116, wherein the plurality of first through holes are round, and wherein the plurality of second through holes are round.

Example 118—The surgical instrument of Examples 112, 113, 114, 115, or 116, wherein the plurality of first through holes are round, and wherein the plurality of second through holes are non-round.

Example 119—The surgical instrument of Examples 112, 113, 114, 115, or 116, wherein the plurality of first through holes are non-round, and wherein the plurality of second through holes are non-round.

Example 120—The surgical instrument of Examples 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, or 119, wherein the outer skin comprises an insulative plastic.

Example 121—The surgical instrument of Examples 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, or 119, wherein the outer skin comprises a semi-conductive plastic.

Example 122—The surgical instrument of Examples 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, or 119, wherein the outer skin is semi-conductive.

Example 123—The surgical instrument of Examples 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, or 119, wherein the outer skin comprises intrinsically conducting polymers.

Example 124—A surgical dissector comprising a first jaw member. The first jaw member comprises a first tissue contacting surface. The first tissue contacting surface comprises a first electrically conductive portion and a first electrically insulative portion. The surgical dissector further comprises a second jaw member. The second jaw member comprises a second tissue contacting surface. The second tissue contacting surface comprises a second electrically conductive portion and a second electrically insulative portion. The surgical dissector further comprises a pivot. The first jaw member and the second jaw member are rotatable about the pivot. The surgical dissector further comprises means for separating tissue. The means for separating tissue comprises means for applying a mechanical force to tissue of a patient through rotation of at least one of the first jaw member and the second jaw member, and means for applying electrosurgical force to the tissue through at least one of the first electrically conductive portion and the second electrically conductive portion.

Example 125—The surgical dissector of Example 124, wherein the means for separating tissue comprises applying the mechanical force in an amount less than the separation pressure needed to separate the tissue and applying electrosurgical force which supplements the mechanical force to separate the tissue.

The devices, systems, and methods disclosed in the Subject Application can be used with the devices, systems, and methods disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/659,900, entitled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, filed on Apr. 19, 2018, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/611,341, entitled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed on Dec. 28, 2017, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/611,340, entitled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS, filed on Dec. 28, 2017, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/611,339, entitled ROBOT ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed on Dec. 28, 2017, which are incorporated in their entireties herein. The devices, systems, and methods disclosed in the Subject Application can also be used with the devices, systems, and methods disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/908,021, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH REMOTE RELEASE, filed on Feb. 28, 2018, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/908,012, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT HAVING DUAL ROTATABLE MEMBERS TO EFFECT DIFFERENT TYPES OF END EFFECTOR MOVEMENT, filed on Feb. 28, 2018, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/908,040, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH ROTARY DRIVE SELECTIVELY ACTUATING MULTIPLE END EFFECTOR FUNCTIONS, filed on Feb. 28, 2018, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/908,057, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH ROTARY DRIVE SELECTIVELY ACTUATING MULTIPLE END EFFECTOR FUNCTIONS, filed on Feb. 28, 2018, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/908,058, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH MODULAR POWER SOURCES, filed on Feb. 28, 2018, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/908,143, entitled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH SENSOR AND/OR CONTROL SYSTEMS, filed on Feb. 28, 2018, which are incorporated in their entireties herein. The devices, systems, and methods disclosed in the Subject Application can also be used with the devices, systems, and methods disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/226,133, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0272557, entitled MODULAR SURGICAL INSTRUMENT SYSTEM, filed on Mar. 26, 2014, which is incorporated in its entirety herein.

The entire disclosures of:

-   -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/013,924, entitled TROCAR         SEAL ASSEMBLY, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,371,227;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/162,991, entitled         ELECTROACTIVE POLYMER-BASED ARTICULATION MECHANISM FOR GRASPER,         now U.S. Pat. No. 7,862,579;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/364,256, entitled SURGICAL         DISSECTOR, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No.         2010/0198248;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/536,386, entitled EMPTY CLIP         CARTRIDGE LOCKOUT, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,282,974;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/832,786, entitled CIRCULAR         NEEDLE APPLIER WITH OFFSET NEEDLE AND CARRIER TRACKS, now U.S.         Pat. No. 9,398,905;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/592,174, entitled APPARATUS         AND METHOD FOR MINIMALLY INVASIVE SUTURING, now U.S. Pat. No.         8,123,764;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/482,049, entitled ENDOSCOPIC         STITCHING DEVICES, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,628,545;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/118,241, entitled SURGICAL         STAPLING INSTRUMENTS WITH ROTATABLE STAPLE DEPLOYMENT         ARRANGEMENTS, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,072,535;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/343,803, entitled SURGICAL         INSTRUMENT HAVING RECORDING CAPABILITIES, now U.S. Pat. No.         7,845,537;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/200,111, entitled CONTROL         SYSTEMS FOR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,629,629;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/248,590, entitled MOTOR         DRIVEN SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS WITH LOCKABLE DUAL DRIVE SHAFTS, now         U.S. Pat. No. 9,826,976;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/813,242, entitled SURGICAL         INSTRUMENT COMPRISING SYSTEMS FOR ASSURING THE PROPER SEQUENTIAL         OPERATION OF THE SURGICAL INSTRUMENT, now U.S. Patent         Application Publication No. 2017/0027571;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/248,587, entitled POWERED         SURGICAL STAPLER, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,867,612;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/945,748, entitled SURGICAL         TOOL WITH A TWO DEGREE OF FREEDOM WRIST, now U.S. Pat. No.         8,852,174;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/297,158, entitled METHOD FOR         PASSIVELY DECOUPLING TORQUE APPLIED BY A REMOTE ACTUATOR INTO AN         INDEPENDENTLY ROTATING MEMBER, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,095,362;     -   International Application No. PCT/US2015/023636, entitled         SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH SHIFTABLE TRANSMISSION, now         International Patent Publication No. WO 2015/153642 A1;     -   International Application No. PCT/US2015/051837, entitled         HANDHELD ELECTROMECHANICAL SURGICAL SYSTEM, now International         Patent Publication No. WO 2016/057225 A1;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/657,876, entitled SURGICAL         GENERATOR FOR ULTRASONIC AND ELECTROSURGICAL DEVICES, U.S.         Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0182277;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/382,515, entitled MODULAR         BATTERY POWERED HANDHELD SURGICAL INSTRUMENT AND METHODS         THEREFOR, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0202605;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/683,358, entitled SURGICAL         GENERATOR SYSTEMS AND RELATED METHODS, U.S. Patent Application         Publication No. 2016/0296271;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/149,294, entitled HARVESTING         ENERGY FROM A SURGICAL GENERATOR, U.S. Pat. No. 9,795,436;     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/265,293, entitled TECHNIQUES         FOR CIRCUIT TOPOLOGIES FOR COMBINED GENERATOR, U.S. Patent         Application Publication No. 2017/0086910; and     -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/265,279, entitled TECHNIQUES         FOR OPERATING GENERATOR FOR DIGITALLY GENERATING ELECTRICAL         SIGNAL WAVEFORMS AND SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, U.S. Patent         Application Publication No. 2017/0086914, are hereby         incorporated by reference herein.

Although various devices have been described herein in connection with certain embodiments, modifications and variations to those embodiments may be implemented. Particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. Thus, the particular features, structures, or characteristics illustrated or described in connection with one embodiment may be combined in whole or in part, with the features, structures or characteristics of one ore more other embodiments without limitation. Also, where materials are disclosed for certain components, other materials may be used. Furthermore, according to various embodiments, a single component may be replaced by multiple components, and multiple components may be replaced by a single component, to perform a given function or functions. The foregoing description and following claims are intended to cover all such modification and variations.

The devices disclosed herein can be designed to be disposed of after a single use, or they can be designed to be used multiple times. In either case, however, a device can be reconditioned for reuse after at least one use. Reconditioning can include any combination of the steps including, but not limited to, the disassembly of the device, followed by cleaning or replacement of particular pieces of the device, and subsequent reassembly of the device. In particular, a reconditioning facility and/or surgical team can disassemble a device and, after cleaning and/or replacing particular parts of the device, the device can be reassembled for subsequent use. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that reconditioning of a device can utilize a variety of techniques for disassembly, cleaning/replacement, and reassembly. Use of such techniques, and the resulting reconditioned device, are all within the scope of the present application.

The devices disclosed herein may be processed before surgery. First, a new or used instrument may be obtained and, when necessary, cleaned. The instrument may then be sterilized. In one sterilization technique, the instrument is placed in a closed and sealed container, such as a plastic or TYVEK bag. The container and instrument may then be placed in a field of radiation that can penetrate the container, such as gamma radiation, x-rays, and/or high-energy electrons. The radiation may kill bacteria on the instrument and in the container. The sterilized instrument may then be stored in the sterile container. The sealed container may keep the instrument sterile until it is opened in a medical facility. A device may also be sterilized using any other technique known in the art, including but not limited to beta radiation, gamma radiation, ethylene oxide, plasma peroxide, and/or steam.

While this invention has been described as having exemplary designs, the present invention may be further modified within the spirit and scope of the disclosure. This application is therefore intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention using its general principles.

Any patent, publication, or other disclosure material, in whole or in part, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein is incorporated herein only to the extent that the incorporated materials do not conflict with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth in this disclosure. As such, and to the extent necessary, the disclosure as explicitly set forth herein supersedes any conflicting material incorporated herein by reference. Any material, or portion thereof, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein, but which conflicts with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth herein will only be incorporated to the extent that no conflict arises between that incorporated material and the existing disclosure material. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A surgical dissector, comprising: a first jaw member, comprising: a proximal end; a distal end; a first tissue contacting surface; a second tissue contacting surface; a metallic core, wherein said metallic core of said first jaw member is configured to transmit electrosurgical energy; and a nonmetallic layer disposed over at least a portion of said metallic core of said first jaw member, wherein said metallic core of said first jaw member is recessed relative to said nonmetallic layer of said first jaw member, and wherein said metallic core of said first jaw member is configured to contact tissue through a tissue-receiving recess defined in said nonmetallic layer of said first jaw member; a second jaw member, comprising: a proximal end; a distal end; a first tissue contacting surface; a second tissue contacting surface; a metallic core, wherein said metallic core of said second jaw member is configured to transmit electrosurgical energy; and a nonmetallic layer disposed over at least a portion of said metallic core of said second jaw member, wherein said metallic core of said second jaw member is recessed relative to said nonmetallic layer of said second jaw member, and wherein said metallic core of said second jaw member is configured to contact tissue through a tissue-receiving recess defined in said nonmetallic layer of said second jaw member; and a joint, wherein said first jaw member and said second jaw member are rotatable about said joint between closed and open positions, wherein said first jaw member and said second jaw member are configured to separate tissue by applying: a mechanical force to the tissue upon opening said first jaw member and said second jaw member from a said closed position to a said open position; and an electrosurgical force to the tissue.
 2. The surgical dissector of claim 1, wherein said first tissue contacting surface of said first jaw member is positioned adjacent said first tissue contacting surface of said second jaw member when said first and said second jaw members are in said closed position.
 3. The surgical dissector of claim 2, wherein said first tissue contacting surface of said first jaw member comprises a first pattern, wherein said first tissue contacting surface of said second jaw member comprises a second pattern, and wherein said first pattern is different than said second pattern.
 4. The surgical dissector of claim 2, wherein said first tissue contacting surface of said first jaw member comprises a first pattern, wherein said first tissue contacting surface of said second jaw member comprises a second pattern, and wherein said first pattern is complementary to said second pattern.
 5. The surgical dissector of claim 2, wherein said first tissue contacting surface of said first jaw member comprises a first pattern, wherein said first tissue contacting surface of said second jaw member comprises a second pattern, wherein said first pattern comprises a plurality of first teeth, and wherein said second pattern comprises a plurality of second teeth.
 6. The surgical dissector of claim 2, wherein said first tissue contacting surface of said first jaw member comprises a first pattern, wherein said first tissue contacting surface of said second jaw member comprises a second pattern, wherein said first pattern comprises a plurality of first recesses, and wherein said second pattern comprises a plurality of second recesses.
 7. The surgical dissector of claim 2, wherein said nonmetallic layer of said first jaw member comprises a first nonmetallic layer and a second nonmetallic layer.
 8. The surgical dissector of claim 7, wherein said first nonmetallic layer is different than said second nonmetallic layer.
 9. The surgical dissector of claim 7, wherein said first nonmetallic layer comprises a first rigidity, wherein said second nonmetallic layer comprises a second rigidity, and wherein said first rigidity is different than said second rigidity.
 10. The surgical dissector of claim 1, wherein said first tissue contacting surface of said first jaw member comprises a first pattern, wherein said second tissue contacting surface of said first jaw member comprises a second pattern, and wherein said first pattern is different than said second pattern.
 11. The surgical dissector of claim 10, wherein said first pattern comprises a symmetrical pattern, and wherein said second pattern comprises an asymmetrical pattern.
 12. The surgical dissector of claim 10, wherein said first pattern comprises a plurality of teeth, and wherein said second pattern comprises a plurality of cavities.
 13. The surgical dissector of claim 10, wherein said first pattern comprises a plurality of first cavities, wherein said second pattern comprises a plurality of second cavities.
 14. The surgical dissector of claim 13, wherein said plurality of first cavities comprises a first depth, wherein said plurality of second cavities comprises a second depth, and wherein said first depth is different than said second depth.
 15. A surgical instrument, comprising: a jaw, comprising: a metallic core; and an outer skin, wherein said outer skin comprises: an outer skin surface; a plurality of first through holes exposing said metallic core to an outer skin surface, wherein said plurality of first through holes comprise a first through hole size, and wherein said first through holes define a first recessed depth between said outer skin surface and a first tissue-contacting surface of said metallic core; and a plurality of second through holes exposing said metallic core to said outer skin surface, wherein said plurality of second through holes comprise a second through hole size, wherein said first through hole size is different than said second through hole size, and wherein said second through holes define a second recessed depth between said outer skin surface and a second tissue-contacting surface of said metallic core.
 16. The surgical instrument of claim 15, wherein said jaw further comprises: a first region, wherein said plurality of first through holes are positioned within said first region; and a second region, wherein said plurality of second through holes are positioned within said second region, and wherein said first region is different than said second region.
 17. The surgical instrument of claim 15, wherein said jaw comprises a tip region, wherein said first through hole size is smaller than said second through hole size, and wherein said plurality of first through holes are positioned within said tip region.
 18. The surgical instrument of claim 15, wherein said jaw comprises a tip region, wherein said first through hole size is larger than said second through hole size, and wherein said plurality of first through holes are positioned within said tip region.
 19. The surgical instrument of claim 15, wherein said plurality of first through holes and said plurality of second through holes are intermixed along said outer skin.
 20. The surgical instrument of claim 15, wherein said plurality of first through holes are round, and wherein said plurality of second through holes are round.
 21. The surgical instrument of claim 15, wherein said plurality of first through holes are round, and wherein said plurality of second through holes are non-round.
 22. The surgical instrument of claim 15, wherein said plurality of first through holes are non-round, and wherein said plurality of second through holes are non-round.
 23. The surgical instrument of claim 15, wherein said outer skin comprises an insulative plastic.
 24. The surgical instrument of claim 15, wherein said outer skin comprises a semi-conductive plastic.
 25. The surgical instrument of claim 15, wherein said outer skin is semi-conductive.
 26. The surgical instrument of claim 15, wherein said outer skin comprises intrinsically conducting polymers.
 27. A surgical dissector, comprising: a first jaw member, comprising: a first tissue contacting surface, comprising: a first electrically conductive portion; and a first electrically insulative portion; a second jaw member, comprising: a second tissue contacting surface, comprising: a second electrically conductive portion; and a second electrically insulative portion; a pivot, wherein said first jaw member and said second jaw member are rotatable about said pivot; and means for separating tissue, comprising: means for applying a mechanical force to tissue of a patient through rotation of at least one of said first jaw member and said second jaw member into an open configuration from a closed configuration; and means for applying electrosurgical force to the tissue through at least one of said first electrically conductive portion and said second electrically conductive portion.
 28. The surgical dissector of claim 27, wherein said means for applying said mechanical force to the tissue comprises means for applying said mechanical force in an amount less than a separation pressure needed to separate the tissue, and wherein said means for applying electrosurgical force to the tissue comprises means for applying electrosurgical force which supplements said mechanical force to separate the tissue.
 29. The surgical dissector of claim 27, wherein said first electrically conductive portion is recessed within a tissue-receiving recess defined in said first electrically insulative portion and is configured to contact tissue through said tissue-receiving recess to apply electrosurgical force to tissue. 